Mycetoma: Difference between revisions
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{{Infobox medical condition | |||
| name = Mycetoma | |||
| image = [[File:Mycetoma_culture.png|250px]] | |||
| caption = Culture of ''[[Madurella mycetomatis]]'', a common cause of mycetoma | |||
| field = [[Infectious disease]] | |||
| synonyms = [[Madura foot]], [[Maduromycosis]], [[Madura mycosis]] | |||
| symptoms = [[Swelling]], [[discharge]] of [[granules]], [[pain]] | |||
| complications = [[Bone destruction]], [[deformity]], [[secondary infection]] | |||
| onset = Gradual | |||
| duration = Chronic | |||
| causes = [[Fungal]] or [[bacterial]] infection | |||
| risks = [[Barefoot walking]], [[agricultural work]] | |||
| diagnosis = [[Clinical examination]], [[imaging]], [[microbiological culture]] | |||
| differential = [[Chronic osteomyelitis]], [[tuberculosis]], [[actinomycosis]] | |||
| prevention = [[Wearing shoes]], [[protective clothing]] | |||
| treatment = [[Antifungal]] or [[antibiotic therapy]], [[surgery]] | |||
| prognosis = Variable, depends on extent and treatment | |||
| frequency = Endemic in [[tropical]] and [[subtropical]] regions | |||
}} | |||
'''Mycetoma''' is a chronic [[Subcutaneous tissue|subcutaneous]] [[infection]] caused by [[Aerobic organism|aerobic actinomycetic bacteria]] (actinomycetoma) or [[Fungus|fungi]] (eumycetoma). | '''Mycetoma''' is a chronic [[Subcutaneous tissue|subcutaneous]] [[infection]] caused by [[Aerobic organism|aerobic actinomycetic bacteria]] (actinomycetoma) or [[Fungus|fungi]] (eumycetoma). | ||
== Risk == | == Risk == | ||
Frequent exposure to penetrating wounds by thorns or splinters is a risk factor. This risk can be reduced by disinfecting wounds and wearing shoes. | Frequent exposure to penetrating wounds by thorns or splinters is a risk factor. This risk can be reduced by disinfecting wounds and wearing shoes. | ||
==Pathogenesis== | ==Pathogenesis== | ||
Mycetoma is caused by common [[saprotrophs]] found in the soil and on thorny shrubs in semi-desert climates. | Mycetoma is caused by common [[saprotrophs]] found in the soil and on thorny shrubs in semi-desert climates. | ||
The most common causative agents are: | The most common causative agents are: | ||
* ''[[Madurella mycetomatis]]'' (fungus) | * ''[[Madurella mycetomatis]]'' (fungus) | ||
* ''[[Nocardia brasiliensis]]'' (bacteria) | * ''[[Nocardia brasiliensis]]'' (bacteria) | ||
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[[File:Mycetoma.jpg|alt=Mycetoma|thumb|Mycetoma]] | [[File:Mycetoma.jpg|alt=Mycetoma|thumb|Mycetoma]] | ||
Infection is caused as a result of localized skin trauma, such as stepping on a needle or wood splinter, or through a pre-existing wound. | Infection is caused as a result of localized skin trauma, such as stepping on a needle or wood splinter, or through a pre-existing wound. | ||
The first visible symptom of mycetoma is a typically painless swelling beneath the skin; over several years, this will grow to a [[Nodule (medicine)|nodule]] (lump). Affected people will experience massive swelling and hardening of the area, in addition to skin rupture and the formation of sinus tracts that discharge pus and grains filled with organisms. In many instances, the underlying bone is affected. Some people with mycetoma will not experience pain or discomfort, while others will report itching and/or pain. | The first visible symptom of mycetoma is a typically painless swelling beneath the skin; over several years, this will grow to a [[Nodule (medicine)|nodule]] (lump). Affected people will experience massive swelling and hardening of the area, in addition to skin rupture and the formation of sinus tracts that discharge pus and grains filled with organisms. In many instances, the underlying bone is affected. Some people with mycetoma will not experience pain or discomfort, while others will report itching and/or pain. | ||
[[File:Actinomycotic Mycetoma, Foot (2111203164).jpg|alt=Actinomycotic Mycetoma, Foot |thumb|'''Actinomycotic Mycetoma, Foot''']] | [[File:Actinomycotic Mycetoma, Foot (2111203164).jpg|alt=Actinomycotic Mycetoma, Foot |thumb|'''Actinomycotic Mycetoma, Foot''']] | ||
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==Treatment== | ==Treatment== | ||
While treatment will vary depending on the cause of the condition, it may include [[antibiotics]] or [[antifungal]] medication. | While treatment will vary depending on the cause of the condition, it may include [[antibiotics]] or [[antifungal]] medication. | ||
== External links == | == External links == | ||
* [http://www.dermnetnz.org/fungal/mycetoma.html DermNet NZ]: an online resource about skin diseases from the New Zealand Dermatological Society Incorporated. | * [http://www.dermnetnz.org/fungal/mycetoma.html DermNet NZ]: an online resource about skin diseases from the New Zealand Dermatological Society Incorporated. | ||
* [http://www.orpha.net/consor/cgi-bin/OC_Exp.php?lng=en&Expert=2583 Orphanet:] a reference portal from Europe that provides information on rare diseases and orphan drugs. | * [http://www.orpha.net/consor/cgi-bin/OC_Exp.php?lng=en&Expert=2583 Orphanet:] a reference portal from Europe that provides information on rare diseases and orphan drugs. | ||
Latest revision as of 06:09, 6 April 2025
Editor-In-Chief: Prab R Tumpati, MD
Obesity, Sleep & Internal medicine
Founder, WikiMD Wellnesspedia &
W8MD medical weight loss NYC and sleep center NYC
| Mycetoma | |
|---|---|
| |
| Synonyms | Madura foot, Maduromycosis, Madura mycosis |
| Pronounce | N/A |
| Specialty | N/A |
| Symptoms | Swelling, discharge of granules, pain |
| Complications | Bone destruction, deformity, secondary infection |
| Onset | Gradual |
| Duration | Chronic |
| Types | N/A |
| Causes | Fungal or bacterial infection |
| Risks | Barefoot walking, agricultural work |
| Diagnosis | Clinical examination, imaging, microbiological culture |
| Differential diagnosis | Chronic osteomyelitis, tuberculosis, actinomycosis |
| Prevention | Wearing shoes, protective clothing |
| Treatment | Antifungal or antibiotic therapy, surgery |
| Medication | N/A |
| Prognosis | Variable, depends on extent and treatment |
| Frequency | Endemic in tropical and subtropical regions |
| Deaths | N/A |
Mycetoma is a chronic subcutaneous infection caused by aerobic actinomycetic bacteria (actinomycetoma) or fungi (eumycetoma).
Risk[edit]
Frequent exposure to penetrating wounds by thorns or splinters is a risk factor. This risk can be reduced by disinfecting wounds and wearing shoes.
Pathogenesis[edit]
Mycetoma is caused by common saprotrophs found in the soil and on thorny shrubs in semi-desert climates. The most common causative agents are:
- Madurella mycetomatis (fungus)
- Nocardia brasiliensis (bacteria)
- Actinomadure madura (bacteria)
- Streptomyces somaliensis (bacteria)
- Actinomadura pelletieri (bacteria)
Infection is caused as a result of localized skin trauma, such as stepping on a needle or wood splinter, or through a pre-existing wound. The first visible symptom of mycetoma is a typically painless swelling beneath the skin; over several years, this will grow to a nodule (lump). Affected people will experience massive swelling and hardening of the area, in addition to skin rupture and the formation of sinus tracts that discharge pus and grains filled with organisms. In many instances, the underlying bone is affected. Some people with mycetoma will not experience pain or discomfort, while others will report itching and/or pain.
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Diagnosis[edit]
There are currently no rapid diagnostic tools for mycetoma. Mycetoma is diagnosed through microscopic examination of the grains in the nodule and by analysis of cultures. Since the bacterial form and the fungal form of mycetoma share similar features, diagnosis can be a challenge.
Treatment[edit]
While treatment will vary depending on the cause of the condition, it may include antibiotics or antifungal medication.
External links[edit]
- DermNet NZ: an online resource about skin diseases from the New Zealand Dermatological Society Incorporated.
- Orphanet: a reference portal from Europe that provides information on rare diseases and orphan drugs.
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