Breast cancer: Difference between revisions
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{{SI}} | |||
{{Infobox medical condition | |||
| name = Breast cancer | |||
| image = [[File:Breast_Cancer.png|250px]] | |||
| caption = Micrograph of [[invasive ductal carcinoma]], the most common type of breast cancer | |||
| field = [[Oncology]] | |||
| symptoms = [[Lump in the breast]], [[change in breast shape]], [[dimpling of the skin]], [[fluid coming from the nipple]], [[red scaly patch of skin]] | |||
| complications = [[Metastasis]], [[lymphedema]] | |||
| onset = Most commonly after age 40 | |||
| duration = Long term | |||
| causes = [[Genetic mutations]], [[hormonal factors]], [[lifestyle factors]] | |||
| risks = [[Family history]], [[obesity]], [[alcohol consumption]], [[radiation exposure]] | |||
| diagnosis = [[Mammography]], [[biopsy]], [[ultrasound]] | |||
| differential = [[Fibroadenoma]], [[breast cyst]], [[mastitis]] | |||
| prevention = [[Lifestyle changes]], [[medications]], [[prophylactic surgery]] | |||
| treatment = [[Surgery]], [[radiation therapy]], [[chemotherapy]], [[hormonal therapy]] | |||
| prognosis = Varies by stage and type | |||
| frequency = 2.3 million new cases (2020) | |||
| deaths = 685,000 (2020) | |||
}} | |||
{{SI}} | {{SI}} | ||
{{Short description|A common form of cancer originating in breast tissue}} | {{Short description|A common form of cancer originating in breast tissue}} | ||
| Line 18: | Line 38: | ||
}} | }} | ||
'''Breast cancer''' is a malignant [[tumor]] that originates in the cells of the [[breast]] tissue. It is the most common [[cancer]] among [[women]] worldwide and the second leading cause of cancer-related death in women after [[lung cancer]]. Though rare, it can also affect [[men]]. Early detection, accurate diagnosis, and timely treatment are crucial for improving survival outcomes. | '''Breast cancer''' is a malignant [[tumor]] that originates in the cells of the [[breast]] tissue. It is the most common [[cancer]] among [[women]] worldwide and the second leading cause of cancer-related death in women after [[lung cancer]]. Though rare, it can also affect [[men]]. Early detection, accurate diagnosis, and timely treatment are crucial for improving survival outcomes. | ||
[[File:Early_signs_of_breast_cancer_hariadhi_svg.svg|left|thumb|200px|Diagram of early signs of breast cancer]] | |||
[[File:Early_signs_of_breast_cancer_hariadhi_svg.svg|thumb | [[File:Mammo_breast_cancer_wArrows.jpg|left|thumb|200px|Mammogram image showing tumor]] | ||
[[File:Mammo_breast_cancer_wArrows.jpg|thumb | |||
== Historical Background == | == Historical Background == | ||
Breast cancer has been known for millennia. Descriptions of tumors believed to be breast cancer appear in the [[Edwin Smith Papyrus]] from ancient [[Egypt]], dating to around 1600 BCE. Early treatments were mostly surgical, and until the 19th century, options were limited. The modern surgical era began with [[William Stewart Halsted]]'s radical mastectomy technique in the 1880s. Since then, approaches have evolved to include [[lumpectomy]], [[chemotherapy]], [[radiotherapy]], and [[targeted therapy]]. | Breast cancer has been known for millennia. Descriptions of tumors believed to be breast cancer appear in the [[Edwin Smith Papyrus]] from ancient [[Egypt]], dating to around 1600 BCE. Early treatments were mostly surgical, and until the 19th century, options were limited. The modern surgical era began with [[William Stewart Halsted]]'s radical mastectomy technique in the 1880s. Since then, approaches have evolved to include [[lumpectomy]], [[chemotherapy]], [[radiotherapy]], and [[targeted therapy]]. | ||
== Types == | == Types == | ||
Breast cancer can present in different forms. The main types include: | Breast cancer can present in different forms. The main types include: | ||
* '''[[Ductal carcinoma in situ]] (DCIS)''': Non-invasive; confined to milk ducts. | * '''[[Ductal carcinoma in situ]] (DCIS)''': Non-invasive; confined to milk ducts. | ||
* '''[[Lobular carcinoma in situ]] (LCIS)''': Abnormal cells in the lobules; a marker for increased risk. | * '''[[Lobular carcinoma in situ]] (LCIS)''': Abnormal cells in the lobules; a marker for increased risk. | ||
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* '''[[Paget's disease of the breast]]''': Affects the nipple; often associated with underlying carcinoma. | * '''[[Paget's disease of the breast]]''': Affects the nipple; often associated with underlying carcinoma. | ||
* '''[[Triple-negative breast cancer]]''': Lacks estrogen, progesterone, and HER2 receptors; often more aggressive. | * '''[[Triple-negative breast cancer]]''': Lacks estrogen, progesterone, and HER2 receptors; often more aggressive. | ||
== Causes and Risk Factors == | == Causes and Risk Factors == | ||
The exact cause is unknown, but several risk factors increase the likelihood of developing breast cancer: | The exact cause is unknown, but several risk factors increase the likelihood of developing breast cancer: | ||
* [[Female]] gender | * [[Female]] gender | ||
* Age over 50 | * Age over 50 | ||
| Line 50: | Line 64: | ||
* Previous history of breast abnormalities or biopsies | * Previous history of breast abnormalities or biopsies | ||
* [[Radiation]] exposure to the chest | * [[Radiation]] exposure to the chest | ||
== Symptoms == | == Symptoms == | ||
Signs of breast cancer may include: | Signs of breast cancer may include: | ||
* A lump or mass in the breast or underarm | * A lump or mass in the breast or underarm | ||
* Change in the size or shape of the breast | * Change in the size or shape of the breast | ||
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* Skin changes: dimpling, redness, or texture resembling an [[orange]] peel | * Skin changes: dimpling, redness, or texture resembling an [[orange]] peel | ||
* Pain in the breast or nipple area (less common) | * Pain in the breast or nipple area (less common) | ||
These symptoms can also be caused by benign conditions such as [[fibrocystic breast disease]] or [[mastitis]]. | These symptoms can also be caused by benign conditions such as [[fibrocystic breast disease]] or [[mastitis]]. | ||
== Diagnosis == | == Diagnosis == | ||
Diagnosis involves a combination of clinical and imaging techniques: | Diagnosis involves a combination of clinical and imaging techniques: | ||
* '''[[Clinical breast examination]]''' – Manual palpation by a healthcare provider | * '''[[Clinical breast examination]]''' – Manual palpation by a healthcare provider | ||
* '''[[Mammography]]''' – X-ray imaging to detect tumors | * '''[[Mammography]]''' – X-ray imaging to detect tumors | ||
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* '''[[MRI]]''' – Used in high-risk women or ambiguous cases | * '''[[MRI]]''' – Used in high-risk women or ambiguous cases | ||
* '''[[Biopsy]]''' – Definitive diagnosis via fine needle aspiration, core needle biopsy, or surgical excision | * '''[[Biopsy]]''' – Definitive diagnosis via fine needle aspiration, core needle biopsy, or surgical excision | ||
[[File:Needle_Breast_Biopsy.png|left|thumb|Needle biopsy under guidance]] | |||
[[File:Needle_Breast_Biopsy.png|thumb|Needle biopsy under guidance]] | |||
== Staging == | == Staging == | ||
Breast cancer is staged from 0 to IV using the [[TNM staging system]]: | Breast cancer is staged from 0 to IV using the [[TNM staging system]]: | ||
* '''Stage 0''': [[DCIS]] or [[LCIS]] | * '''Stage 0''': [[DCIS]] or [[LCIS]] | ||
* '''Stage I–III''': Local or regional spread | * '''Stage I–III''': Local or regional spread | ||
* '''Stage IV''': [[Metastatic cancer]]; spread to distant organs such as [[bone]], [[liver]], [[lungs]], or [[brain]] | * '''Stage IV''': [[Metastatic cancer]]; spread to distant organs such as [[bone]], [[liver]], [[lungs]], or [[brain]] | ||
[[File:Diagram_showing_stage_T1_breast_cancer_CRUK_244.svg|left|thumb|Stage I]] | |||
[[File:Diagram_showing_stage_T1_breast_cancer_CRUK_244.svg|thumb|Stage I]] | [[File:Stage_4_of_Breast_Cancer.jpg|left|thumb|Stage IV]] | ||
[[File:Stage_4_of_Breast_Cancer.jpg|thumb|Stage IV]] | |||
== Treatment == | == Treatment == | ||
Treatment plans depend on the type, stage, hormone receptor status, and patient preferences. | Treatment plans depend on the type, stage, hormone receptor status, and patient preferences. | ||
=== Surgical Options === | === Surgical Options === | ||
* '''[[Lumpectomy]]''' – Removal of tumor with margin of normal tissue | * '''[[Lumpectomy]]''' – Removal of tumor with margin of normal tissue | ||
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* '''[[Sentinel lymph node biopsy]]''' – Identifies first lymph nodes cancer may spread to | * '''[[Sentinel lymph node biopsy]]''' – Identifies first lymph nodes cancer may spread to | ||
* '''[[Axillary lymph node dissection]]''' – Removes lymph nodes for staging and treatment | * '''[[Axillary lymph node dissection]]''' – Removes lymph nodes for staging and treatment | ||
[[File:Mastectomie_02.jpg|left|thumb|Post-mastectomy]] | |||
[[File:Mastectomie_02.jpg|thumb|Post-mastectomy]] | [[File:Breast_reconstruction_15.jpg|left|thumb|Post-reconstruction]] | ||
[[File:Breast_reconstruction_15.jpg|thumb|Post-reconstruction]] | |||
=== Radiation Therapy === | === Radiation Therapy === | ||
Usually follows surgery to reduce recurrence: | Usually follows surgery to reduce recurrence: | ||
* External beam radiation | * External beam radiation | ||
* Internal radiation (brachytherapy) | * Internal radiation (brachytherapy) | ||
=== Chemotherapy === | === Chemotherapy === | ||
Drugs like [[doxorubicin]], [[cyclophosphamide]], [[paclitaxel]] target rapidly dividing cells. Used before (neoadjuvant) or after (adjuvant) surgery. | Drugs like [[doxorubicin]], [[cyclophosphamide]], [[paclitaxel]] target rapidly dividing cells. Used before (neoadjuvant) or after (adjuvant) surgery. | ||
=== Hormonal Therapy === | === Hormonal Therapy === | ||
Used for [[estrogen receptor]] (ER)-positive cancers: | Used for [[estrogen receptor]] (ER)-positive cancers: | ||
* [[Tamoxifen]] – selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) | * [[Tamoxifen]] – selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) | ||
* [[Aromatase inhibitors]] – such as [[letrozole]], [[anastrozole]] | * [[Aromatase inhibitors]] – such as [[letrozole]], [[anastrozole]] | ||
=== Targeted Therapy === | === Targeted Therapy === | ||
Used in [[HER2-positive]] cancers: | Used in [[HER2-positive]] cancers: | ||
* [[Trastuzumab]] (Herceptin) | * [[Trastuzumab]] (Herceptin) | ||
* [[Pertuzumab]] | * [[Pertuzumab]] | ||
* [[T-DM1]] | * [[T-DM1]] | ||
== Prognosis == | == Prognosis == | ||
Prognosis varies with the stage and subtype: | Prognosis varies with the stage and subtype: | ||
* 5-year survival rate: | * 5-year survival rate: | ||
** Nearly 99% for localized Stage I | ** Nearly 99% for localized Stage I | ||
** Around 28% for metastatic Stage IV | ** Around 28% for metastatic Stage IV | ||
Other factors influencing outcome include tumor size, lymph node involvement, receptor status, and response to treatment. | Other factors influencing outcome include tumor size, lymph node involvement, receptor status, and response to treatment. | ||
== Prevention == | == Prevention == | ||
There is no sure way to prevent breast cancer, but steps can reduce risk: | There is no sure way to prevent breast cancer, but steps can reduce risk: | ||
* Maintain healthy weight and active lifestyle | * Maintain healthy weight and active lifestyle | ||
* Limit alcohol intake | * Limit alcohol intake | ||
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* [[Breast self-examination]] and annual [[clinical breast exams]] | * [[Breast self-examination]] and annual [[clinical breast exams]] | ||
* Genetic counseling and testing for high-risk individuals | * Genetic counseling and testing for high-risk individuals | ||
== Breast Cancer in Men == | == Breast Cancer in Men == | ||
Though rare, men can develop breast cancer. Risk factors include age, [[Klinefelter syndrome]], [[radiation exposure]], [[BRCA2]] mutations, and [[liver disease]]. Symptoms and treatment are similar to those in women. | Though rare, men can develop breast cancer. Risk factors include age, [[Klinefelter syndrome]], [[radiation exposure]], [[BRCA2]] mutations, and [[liver disease]]. Symptoms and treatment are similar to those in women. | ||
== Breast Reconstruction == | == Breast Reconstruction == | ||
Women who undergo mastectomy may choose [[breast reconstruction surgery]] using: | Women who undergo mastectomy may choose [[breast reconstruction surgery]] using: | ||
* [[Breast implants]] | * [[Breast implants]] | ||
* [[Autologous tissue transfer]] (e.g., DIEP flap) | * [[Autologous tissue transfer]] (e.g., DIEP flap) | ||
* Combination of both | * Combination of both | ||
== Support and Resources == | == Support and Resources == | ||
Living with breast cancer can be physically and emotionally challenging. Support groups, counseling, and survivorship programs are essential components of care. | Living with breast cancer can be physically and emotionally challenging. Support groups, counseling, and survivorship programs are essential components of care. | ||
== Glossary of Breast Cancer Terms == | == Glossary of Breast Cancer Terms == | ||
This glossary provides definitions and descriptions of key terms related to '''breast cancer''', encompassing medical procedures, classifications, therapies, notable people, and research initiatives. Each entry includes an [[internal link]] where applicable. | This glossary provides definitions and descriptions of key terms related to '''breast cancer''', encompassing medical procedures, classifications, therapies, notable people, and research initiatives. Each entry includes an [[internal link]] where applicable. | ||
=== A === | === A === | ||
* '''[[Abortion–breast cancer hypothesis]]''': A discredited theory suggesting a link between induced abortion and increased breast cancer risk. | * '''[[Abortion–breast cancer hypothesis]]''': A discredited theory suggesting a link between induced abortion and increased breast cancer risk. | ||
* '''[[Alcohol and breast cancer]]''': Refers to the increased risk of '''breast cancer''' associated with [[alcohol]] consumption. | * '''[[Alcohol and breast cancer]]''': Refers to the increased risk of '''breast cancer''' associated with [[alcohol]] consumption. | ||
* '''[[Antiestrogen withdrawal response]]''': A paradoxical tumor response in some patients where stopping [[antiestrogen]] therapy leads to temporary tumor regression. | * '''[[Antiestrogen withdrawal response]]''': A paradoxical tumor response in some patients where stopping [[antiestrogen]] therapy leads to temporary tumor regression. | ||
=== B === | === B === | ||
* '''[[Basal-like carcinoma]]''': A subtype of [[triple-negative breast cancer]] lacking [[estrogen receptor]], [[progesterone receptor]], and [[HER2]] expression. | * '''[[Basal-like carcinoma]]''': A subtype of [[triple-negative breast cancer]] lacking [[estrogen receptor]], [[progesterone receptor]], and [[HER2]] expression. | ||
* '''[[Before I Say Goodbye]]''': A memoir by Ruth Picardie documenting her battle with '''breast cancer'''. | * '''[[Before I Say Goodbye]]''': A memoir by Ruth Picardie documenting her battle with '''breast cancer'''. | ||
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* '''[[BRCA2]]''': Another tumor suppressor gene whose mutations increase the risk of '''breast cancer''', especially in [[male breast cancer]]. | * '''[[BRCA2]]''': Another tumor suppressor gene whose mutations increase the risk of '''breast cancer''', especially in [[male breast cancer]]. | ||
=== C === | === C === | ||
* '''[[Clinical Breast Cancer]]''': A peer-reviewed medical journal covering research in the field of '''breast cancer'''. | * '''[[Clinical Breast Cancer]]''': A peer-reviewed medical journal covering research in the field of '''breast cancer'''. | ||
* '''[[Comedocarcinoma]]''': A subtype of [[ductal carcinoma in situ]] characterized by necrosis and high-grade cells. | * '''[[Comedocarcinoma]]''': A subtype of [[ductal carcinoma in situ]] characterized by necrosis and high-grade cells. | ||
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* '''[[Breast cancer research stamp]]''': A fundraising initiative by the USPS to support '''breast cancer''' research. | * '''[[Breast cancer research stamp]]''': A fundraising initiative by the USPS to support '''breast cancer''' research. | ||
=== D === | === D === | ||
* '''[[Dressed to Kill (book)]]''': A controversial book claiming links between [[bras]] and '''breast cancer''', not supported by scientific consensus. | * '''[[Dressed to Kill (book)]]''': A controversial book claiming links between [[bras]] and '''breast cancer''', not supported by scientific consensus. | ||
* '''[[Ductal carcinoma in situ]] (DCIS)''': A non-invasive '''breast cancer''' confined to the milk ducts. | * '''[[Ductal carcinoma in situ]] (DCIS)''': A non-invasive '''breast cancer''' confined to the milk ducts. | ||
* '''[[Dynamic angiothermography]]''': A non-invasive imaging technique used in [[breast cancer screening]]. | * '''[[Dynamic angiothermography]]''': A non-invasive imaging technique used in [[breast cancer screening]]. | ||
=== E === | === E === | ||
* '''[[Epidemiology of breast cancer]]''': The study of the distribution and determinants of '''breast cancer''' in populations. | * '''[[Epidemiology of breast cancer]]''': The study of the distribution and determinants of '''breast cancer''' in populations. | ||
* '''[[Erin Kennedy]]''': A patient advocate and journalist who chronicled her experiences with '''breast cancer'''. | * '''[[Erin Kennedy]]''': A patient advocate and journalist who chronicled her experiences with '''breast cancer'''. | ||
* '''[[Europa Donna]]''': The European Breast Cancer Coalition advocating for improved services and screening. | * '''[[Europa Donna]]''': The European Breast Cancer Coalition advocating for improved services and screening. | ||
=== F === | === F === | ||
* '''[[Fluoroestradiol F-18]]''': A radiotracer used in PET scans to assess estrogen receptor expression in '''breast cancer'''. | * '''[[Fluoroestradiol F-18]]''': A radiotracer used in PET scans to assess estrogen receptor expression in '''breast cancer'''. | ||
=== G === | === G === | ||
* '''[[Global Pink Hijab Day]]''': An awareness event combining breast cancer awareness with Muslim cultural identity. | * '''[[Global Pink Hijab Day]]''': An awareness event combining breast cancer awareness with Muslim cultural identity. | ||
=== H === | === H === | ||
* '''[[HEPACAM]]''': A gene implicated in some cancer pathways, including '''breast cancer'''. | * '''[[HEPACAM]]''': A gene implicated in some cancer pathways, including '''breast cancer'''. | ||
* '''[[HER2]]''': A receptor protein overexpressed in some [[breast cancers]], often targeted with therapies such as [[trastuzumab]]. | * '''[[HER2]]''': A receptor protein overexpressed in some [[breast cancers]], often targeted with therapies such as [[trastuzumab]]. | ||
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* '''[[Hereditary lobular breast cancer]]''': A rare genetic form of [[lobular carcinoma]] not caused by BRCA mutations. | * '''[[Hereditary lobular breast cancer]]''': A rare genetic form of [[lobular carcinoma]] not caused by BRCA mutations. | ||
=== I === | === I === | ||
* '''[[Inflammatory breast cancer]]''': A rare, aggressive form of '''breast cancer''' characterized by redness and swelling. | * '''[[Inflammatory breast cancer]]''': A rare, aggressive form of '''breast cancer''' characterized by redness and swelling. | ||
* '''[[Invasive carcinoma of no special type]]''': The most common histological form of [[invasive breast cancer]]. | * '''[[Invasive carcinoma of no special type]]''': The most common histological form of [[invasive breast cancer]]. | ||
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* '''[[In the Family (2008 film)]]''': A documentary exploring the impact of BRCA mutations on family members. | * '''[[In the Family (2008 film)]]''': A documentary exploring the impact of BRCA mutations on family members. | ||
=== L === | === L === | ||
* '''[[Lobular carcinoma in situ]] (LCIS)''': A non-invasive lesion that indicates increased risk of developing [[invasive breast cancer]]. | * '''[[Lobular carcinoma in situ]] (LCIS)''': A non-invasive lesion that indicates increased risk of developing [[invasive breast cancer]]. | ||
* '''[[Lumpectomy]]''': [[Breast-conserving surgery]] to remove a tumor and a small margin of surrounding tissue. | * '''[[Lumpectomy]]''': [[Breast-conserving surgery]] to remove a tumor and a small margin of surrounding tissue. | ||
* '''[[Living Proof (2008 film)]]''': A film based on the development of [[Herceptin]] for treating HER2+ '''breast cancer'''. | * '''[[Living Proof (2008 film)]]''': A film based on the development of [[Herceptin]] for treating HER2+ '''breast cancer'''. | ||
=== M === | === M === | ||
* '''[[Male breast cancer]]''': A rare form of '''breast cancer''' that affects men. | * '''[[Male breast cancer]]''': A rare form of '''breast cancer''' that affects men. | ||
* '''[[Medullary breast carcinoma]]''': A rare '''breast cancer''' subtype with a better prognosis than other types. | * '''[[Medullary breast carcinoma]]''': A rare '''breast cancer''' subtype with a better prognosis than other types. | ||
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* '''[[My Left Breast]]''': A documentary chronicling the life of breast cancer survivor Gerry Rogers. | * '''[[My Left Breast]]''': A documentary chronicling the life of breast cancer survivor Gerry Rogers. | ||
=== N === | === N === | ||
* '''[[Nancy Cappello]]''': Advocate for breast density notification laws after being diagnosed with advanced-stage cancer missed by mammography. | * '''[[Nancy Cappello]]''': Advocate for breast density notification laws after being diagnosed with advanced-stage cancer missed by mammography. | ||
* '''[[Nottingham Prognostic Index]]''': A prognostic tool used to determine survival in patients with '''breast cancer'''. | * '''[[Nottingham Prognostic Index]]''': A prognostic tool used to determine survival in patients with '''breast cancer'''. | ||
=== P === | === P === | ||
* '''[[Paget's disease of the breast]]''': A rare form of '''breast cancer''' involving the skin of the nipple. | * '''[[Paget's disease of the breast]]''': A rare form of '''breast cancer''' involving the skin of the nipple. | ||
* '''[[Papillary carcinomas of the breast]]''': Rare forms of '''breast cancer''' characterized by papillary structures. | * '''[[Papillary carcinomas of the breast]]''': Rare forms of '''breast cancer''' characterized by papillary structures. | ||
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* '''[[Pure apocrine carcinoma of the breast]]''': A rare type of '''breast cancer''' characterized by apocrine cell features. | * '''[[Pure apocrine carcinoma of the breast]]''': A rare type of '''breast cancer''' characterized by apocrine cell features. | ||
=== Q === | === Q === | ||
* '''[[Quadrantectomy]]''': A form of [[breast-conserving surgery]] removing a quarter of the breast tissue. | * '''[[Quadrantectomy]]''': A form of [[breast-conserving surgery]] removing a quarter of the breast tissue. | ||
=== R === | === R === | ||
* '''[[Risk factors for breast cancer]]''': Factors including age, genetics, lifestyle, and reproductive history that influence breast cancer risk. | * '''[[Risk factors for breast cancer]]''': Factors including age, genetics, lifestyle, and reproductive history that influence breast cancer risk. | ||
=== S === | === S === | ||
* '''[[Sentinel lymph node]]''': The first lymph node to which cancer cells are most likely to spread from a primary tumor. | * '''[[Sentinel lymph node]]''': The first lymph node to which cancer cells are most likely to spread from a primary tumor. | ||
* '''[[Secretory carcinoma]]''': A rare type of '''breast cancer''' with secretory features, often occurring in younger patients. | * '''[[Secretory carcinoma]]''': A rare type of '''breast cancer''' with secretory features, often occurring in younger patients. | ||
| Line 245: | Line 213: | ||
* '''[[Symphony (Agendia)]]''': A genomic test used to guide treatment decisions in '''breast cancer'''. | * '''[[Symphony (Agendia)]]''': A genomic test used to guide treatment decisions in '''breast cancer'''. | ||
=== T === | === T === | ||
* '''[[Targeted intra-operative radiotherapy]]''': A technique delivering radiation during surgery to minimize exposure. | * '''[[Targeted intra-operative radiotherapy]]''': A technique delivering radiation during surgery to minimize exposure. | ||
* '''[[Tomosynthesis]]''': A 3D imaging technique used in [[breast cancer screening]]. | * '''[[Tomosynthesis]]''': A 3D imaging technique used in [[breast cancer screening]]. | ||
| Line 252: | Line 219: | ||
* '''[[Tubular carcinoma]]''': A subtype of [[invasive breast cancer]] with tubular structures; often slow-growing. | * '''[[Tubular carcinoma]]''': A subtype of [[invasive breast cancer]] with tubular structures; often slow-growing. | ||
=== V === | === V === | ||
* '''[[Vacuum-assisted breast biopsy]]''': A minimally invasive technique using suction to obtain breast tissue samples. | * '''[[Vacuum-assisted breast biopsy]]''': A minimally invasive technique using suction to obtain breast tissue samples. | ||
== Related Articles == | == Related Articles == | ||
| Line 265: | Line 231: | ||
* [[Hormone therapy]] | * [[Hormone therapy]] | ||
* [[HER2]] | * [[HER2]] | ||
== External Links == | == External Links == | ||
* [https://www.cancer.gov/types/breast National Cancer Institute – Breast Cancer] | * [https://www.cancer.gov/types/breast National Cancer Institute – Breast Cancer] | ||
* [https://www.breastcancer.org BreastCancer.org] | * [https://www.breastcancer.org BreastCancer.org] | ||
* [https://www.cancer.org/cancer/breast-cancer.html American Cancer Society – Breast Cancer] | * [https://www.cancer.org/cancer/breast-cancer.html American Cancer Society – Breast Cancer] | ||
{{Breast cancer types}} | {{Breast cancer types}} | ||
{{endocrine system}} | {{endocrine system}} | ||
Latest revision as of 19:52, 4 April 2025
Editor-In-Chief: Prab R Tumpati, MD
Obesity, Sleep & Internal medicine
Founder, WikiMD Wellnesspedia &
W8MD medical weight loss NYC and sleep center NYC
| Breast cancer | |
|---|---|
| |
| Synonyms | N/A |
| Pronounce | N/A |
| Specialty | N/A |
| Symptoms | Lump in the breast, change in breast shape, dimpling of the skin, fluid coming from the nipple, red scaly patch of skin |
| Complications | Metastasis, lymphedema |
| Onset | Most commonly after age 40 |
| Duration | Long term |
| Types | N/A |
| Causes | Genetic mutations, hormonal factors, lifestyle factors |
| Risks | Family history, obesity, alcohol consumption, radiation exposure |
| Diagnosis | Mammography, biopsy, ultrasound |
| Differential diagnosis | Fibroadenoma, breast cyst, mastitis |
| Prevention | Lifestyle changes, medications, prophylactic surgery |
| Treatment | Surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, hormonal therapy |
| Medication | N/A |
| Prognosis | Varies by stage and type |
| Frequency | 2.3 million new cases (2020) |
| Deaths | 685,000 (2020) |
Editor-In-Chief: Prab R Tumpati, MD
Obesity, Sleep & Internal medicine
Founder, WikiMD Wellnesspedia &
W8MD medical weight loss NYC and sleep center NYC
A common form of cancer originating in breast tissue
| Breast cancer | |
|---|---|
| |
| Synonyms | Breast carcinoma |
| Pronounce | N/A |
| Field | Oncology |
| Symptoms | Breast lump, breast pain, nipple discharge, changes in skin |
| Complications | Metastasis, lymphedema, recurrence |
| Onset | Variable; more common after age 40 |
| Duration | N/A |
| Types | N/A |
| Causes | Multifactorial: genetics, hormonal, environmental factors |
| Risks | Female sex, age, BRCA mutations, family history, hormone therapy, obesity, alcohol |
| Diagnosis | Mammography, ultrasound, biopsy, MRI |
| Differential diagnosis | N/A |
| Prevention | N/A |
| Treatment | Surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, targeted therapy, hormonal therapy |
| Medication | N/A |
| Prognosis | Generally good if detected early |
| Frequency | 1 in 8 women (lifetime risk) |
| Deaths | N/A |
Breast cancer is a malignant tumor that originates in the cells of the breast tissue. It is the most common cancer among women worldwide and the second leading cause of cancer-related death in women after lung cancer. Though rare, it can also affect men. Early detection, accurate diagnosis, and timely treatment are crucial for improving survival outcomes.
Historical Background[edit]
Breast cancer has been known for millennia. Descriptions of tumors believed to be breast cancer appear in the Edwin Smith Papyrus from ancient Egypt, dating to around 1600 BCE. Early treatments were mostly surgical, and until the 19th century, options were limited. The modern surgical era began with William Stewart Halsted's radical mastectomy technique in the 1880s. Since then, approaches have evolved to include lumpectomy, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and targeted therapy.
Types[edit]
Breast cancer can present in different forms. The main types include:
- Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS): Non-invasive; confined to milk ducts.
- Lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS): Abnormal cells in the lobules; a marker for increased risk.
- Invasive ductal carcinoma: Cancer has spread beyond ducts; most common type.
- Invasive lobular carcinoma: Begins in lobules and invades nearby tissue.
- Inflammatory breast cancer: Rare and aggressive; presents with redness and swelling.
- Paget's disease of the breast: Affects the nipple; often associated with underlying carcinoma.
- Triple-negative breast cancer: Lacks estrogen, progesterone, and HER2 receptors; often more aggressive.
Causes and Risk Factors[edit]
The exact cause is unknown, but several risk factors increase the likelihood of developing breast cancer:
- Female gender
- Age over 50
- Family history (especially with BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations)
- Long-term exposure to estrogen
- Early menstruation (before age 12) or late menopause (after age 55)
- Lack of pregnancy or late pregnancy
- Use of hormone replacement therapy
- Obesity and physical inactivity
- Alcohol consumption
- Previous history of breast abnormalities or biopsies
- Radiation exposure to the chest
Symptoms[edit]
Signs of breast cancer may include:
- A lump or mass in the breast or underarm
- Change in the size or shape of the breast
- Nipple retraction, discharge (especially bloody)
- Skin changes: dimpling, redness, or texture resembling an orange peel
- Pain in the breast or nipple area (less common)
These symptoms can also be caused by benign conditions such as fibrocystic breast disease or mastitis.
Diagnosis[edit]
Diagnosis involves a combination of clinical and imaging techniques:
- Clinical breast examination – Manual palpation by a healthcare provider
- Mammography – X-ray imaging to detect tumors
- Ultrasound – Useful in distinguishing solid from cystic masses
- MRI – Used in high-risk women or ambiguous cases
- Biopsy – Definitive diagnosis via fine needle aspiration, core needle biopsy, or surgical excision
Staging[edit]
Breast cancer is staged from 0 to IV using the TNM staging system:
- Stage 0: DCIS or LCIS
- Stage I–III: Local or regional spread
- Stage IV: Metastatic cancer; spread to distant organs such as bone, liver, lungs, or brain
Treatment[edit]
Treatment plans depend on the type, stage, hormone receptor status, and patient preferences.
Surgical Options[edit]
- Lumpectomy – Removal of tumor with margin of normal tissue
- Mastectomy – Removal of one or both breasts
- Sentinel lymph node biopsy – Identifies first lymph nodes cancer may spread to
- Axillary lymph node dissection – Removes lymph nodes for staging and treatment
Radiation Therapy[edit]
Usually follows surgery to reduce recurrence:
- External beam radiation
- Internal radiation (brachytherapy)
Chemotherapy[edit]
Drugs like doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide, paclitaxel target rapidly dividing cells. Used before (neoadjuvant) or after (adjuvant) surgery.
Hormonal Therapy[edit]
Used for estrogen receptor (ER)-positive cancers:
- Tamoxifen – selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM)
- Aromatase inhibitors – such as letrozole, anastrozole
Targeted Therapy[edit]
Used in HER2-positive cancers:
- Trastuzumab (Herceptin)
- Pertuzumab
- T-DM1
Prognosis[edit]
Prognosis varies with the stage and subtype:
- 5-year survival rate:
- Nearly 99% for localized Stage I
- Around 28% for metastatic Stage IV
Other factors influencing outcome include tumor size, lymph node involvement, receptor status, and response to treatment.
Prevention[edit]
There is no sure way to prevent breast cancer, but steps can reduce risk:
- Maintain healthy weight and active lifestyle
- Limit alcohol intake
- Avoid long-term hormone replacement therapy
- Breastfeed if possible
- Regular screening mammograms beginning at age 40–50
- Breast self-examination and annual clinical breast exams
- Genetic counseling and testing for high-risk individuals
Breast Cancer in Men[edit]
Though rare, men can develop breast cancer. Risk factors include age, Klinefelter syndrome, radiation exposure, BRCA2 mutations, and liver disease. Symptoms and treatment are similar to those in women.
Breast Reconstruction[edit]
Women who undergo mastectomy may choose breast reconstruction surgery using:
- Breast implants
- Autologous tissue transfer (e.g., DIEP flap)
- Combination of both
Support and Resources[edit]
Living with breast cancer can be physically and emotionally challenging. Support groups, counseling, and survivorship programs are essential components of care.
Glossary of Breast Cancer Terms[edit]
This glossary provides definitions and descriptions of key terms related to breast cancer, encompassing medical procedures, classifications, therapies, notable people, and research initiatives. Each entry includes an internal link where applicable.
A[edit]
- Abortion–breast cancer hypothesis: A discredited theory suggesting a link between induced abortion and increased breast cancer risk.
- Alcohol and breast cancer: Refers to the increased risk of breast cancer associated with alcohol consumption.
- Antiestrogen withdrawal response: A paradoxical tumor response in some patients where stopping antiestrogen therapy leads to temporary tumor regression.
B[edit]
- Basal-like carcinoma: A subtype of triple-negative breast cancer lacking estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, and HER2 expression.
- Before I Say Goodbye: A memoir by Ruth Picardie documenting her battle with breast cancer.
- Bovine Meat and Milk Factors: Hypothesized dietary factors from cows potentially linked to cancer development.
- BRCA mutation: Genetic mutations in the BRCA1 or BRCA2 genes, associated with a significantly higher risk of breast and ovarian cancer.
- BRCA1: A tumor suppressor gene; mutations are linked to hereditary breast–ovarian cancer syndrome.
- BRCA2: Another tumor suppressor gene whose mutations increase the risk of breast cancer, especially in male breast cancer.
C[edit]
- Clinical Breast Cancer: A peer-reviewed medical journal covering research in the field of breast cancer.
- Comedocarcinoma: A subtype of ductal carcinoma in situ characterized by necrosis and high-grade cells.
- Cancer Diagnostic Probe: A tool developed to enhance accuracy in identifying cancerous tissue.
- Connie Johnson (fundraiser): Australian cancer advocate and co-founder of the Love Your Sister campaign.
- Breast cancer chemotherapy: Systemic use of drugs to destroy cancer cells in breast cancer.
- Breast cancer classification: Classification based on histological type, grade, and receptor status (ER, PR, HER2).
- Breast cancer management: Multidisciplinary approach to treatment including surgery, chemotherapy, radiation, and hormone therapy.
- Breast cancer research stamp: A fundraising initiative by the USPS to support breast cancer research.
D[edit]
- Dressed to Kill (book): A controversial book claiming links between bras and breast cancer, not supported by scientific consensus.
- Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS): A non-invasive breast cancer confined to the milk ducts.
- Dynamic angiothermography: A non-invasive imaging technique used in breast cancer screening.
E[edit]
- Epidemiology of breast cancer: The study of the distribution and determinants of breast cancer in populations.
- Erin Kennedy: A patient advocate and journalist who chronicled her experiences with breast cancer.
- Europa Donna: The European Breast Cancer Coalition advocating for improved services and screening.
F[edit]
- Fluoroestradiol F-18: A radiotracer used in PET scans to assess estrogen receptor expression in breast cancer.
G[edit]
- Global Pink Hijab Day: An awareness event combining breast cancer awareness with Muslim cultural identity.
H[edit]
- HEPACAM: A gene implicated in some cancer pathways, including breast cancer.
- HER2: A receptor protein overexpressed in some breast cancers, often targeted with therapies such as trastuzumab.
- Henda's Law: A Texas law requiring women to be informed of their breast tissue density after a mammogram.
- Hereditary breast–ovarian cancer syndrome: A genetic predisposition caused by BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations.
- Hereditary lobular breast cancer: A rare genetic form of lobular carcinoma not caused by BRCA mutations.
I[edit]
- Inflammatory breast cancer: A rare, aggressive form of breast cancer characterized by redness and swelling.
- Invasive carcinoma of no special type: The most common histological form of invasive breast cancer.
- Invasive cribriform carcinoma of the breast: A rare, low-grade subtype of invasive breast cancer.
- Invasive lobular carcinoma: A type of breast cancer that begins in the milk-producing lobules.
- In the Family (2008 film): A documentary exploring the impact of BRCA mutations on family members.
L[edit]
- Lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS): A non-invasive lesion that indicates increased risk of developing invasive breast cancer.
- Lumpectomy: Breast-conserving surgery to remove a tumor and a small margin of surrounding tissue.
- Living Proof (2008 film): A film based on the development of Herceptin for treating HER2+ breast cancer.
M[edit]
- Male breast cancer: A rare form of breast cancer that affects men.
- Medullary breast carcinoma: A rare breast cancer subtype with a better prognosis than other types.
- Metaplastic carcinoma: A heterogeneous group of breast cancers containing both glandular and non-glandular elements.
- Metastatic breast cancer: Stage IV breast cancer that has spread beyond the breast to other organs.
- My Left Breast: A documentary chronicling the life of breast cancer survivor Gerry Rogers.
N[edit]
- Nancy Cappello: Advocate for breast density notification laws after being diagnosed with advanced-stage cancer missed by mammography.
- Nottingham Prognostic Index: A prognostic tool used to determine survival in patients with breast cancer.
P[edit]
- Paget's disease of the breast: A rare form of breast cancer involving the skin of the nipple.
- Papillary carcinomas of the breast: Rare forms of breast cancer characterized by papillary structures.
- Pink Ribbons, Inc.: A documentary examining the commercialization of breast cancer awareness.
- Pinkwashing (breast cancer): The use of breast cancer awareness campaigns by companies to improve their public image.
- Preventive mastectomy: Surgical removal of the breast(s) to reduce the risk of developing cancer.
- Protein-bound paclitaxel: A formulation of paclitaxel used in the treatment of metastatic breast cancer.
- Pure apocrine carcinoma of the breast: A rare type of breast cancer characterized by apocrine cell features.
Q[edit]
- Quadrantectomy: A form of breast-conserving surgery removing a quarter of the breast tissue.
R[edit]
- Risk factors for breast cancer: Factors including age, genetics, lifestyle, and reproductive history that influence breast cancer risk.
S[edit]
- Sentinel lymph node: The first lymph node to which cancer cells are most likely to spread from a primary tumor.
- Secretory carcinoma: A rare type of breast cancer with secretory features, often occurring in younger patients.
- Stewart–Treves syndrome: A rare lymphangiosarcoma arising in chronic lymphedema, often post-mastectomy.
- Study of Tamoxifen and Raloxifene: A large clinical trial comparing these drugs for prevention in high-risk women.
- Symphony (Agendia): A genomic test used to guide treatment decisions in breast cancer.
T[edit]
- Targeted intra-operative radiotherapy: A technique delivering radiation during surgery to minimize exposure.
- Tomosynthesis: A 3D imaging technique used in breast cancer screening.
- Triple test score: Combines clinical exam, imaging, and biopsy to evaluate a breast lesion.
- Triple-negative breast cancer: Lacks estrogen, progesterone, and HER2 receptors; more aggressive with fewer treatment options.
- Tubular carcinoma: A subtype of invasive breast cancer with tubular structures; often slow-growing.
V[edit]
- Vacuum-assisted breast biopsy: A minimally invasive technique using suction to obtain breast tissue samples.
Related Articles[edit]
- Mammography
- Cancer staging
- Chemotherapy
- Oncology
- Breast reconstruction
- Genetic testing
- Lymph nodes
- Triple-negative breast cancer
- Hormone therapy
- HER2
External Links[edit]
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