Acute bronchitis

Acute bronchitis
Synonyms	N/A
Pronounce	N/A
Specialty	N/A
Symptoms	Cough, sputum production, wheezing, shortness of breath, chest discomfort
Complications	Pneumonia, chronic bronchitis
Onset	Rapid
Duration	Typically less than 3 weeks
Types	N/A
Causes	Viral infection, bacterial infection, irritants such as smoke or pollution
Risks	Smoking, air pollution, allergies, asthma
Diagnosis	Based on clinical presentation, chest X-ray to rule out pneumonia
Differential diagnosis	Pneumonia, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
Prevention	N/A
Treatment	Rest, hydration, cough suppressants, bronchodilators
Medication	NSAIDs, paracetamol, antitussives
Prognosis	N/A
Frequency	Common
Deaths	Rare

Acute bronchitis is a temporary inflammation of the bronchial tubes, which are the airways that carry air to the lungs. It is typically caused by a viral infection and is characterized by coughing, chest discomfort, and the production of mucus. Acute bronchitis is a common respiratory condition and is usually self-limiting, resolving within a few weeks with appropriate care.

Depiction of a person suffering from Bronchitis

Causes

Acute bronchitis is most commonly caused by viral infections, particularly the same viruses that cause the common cold or influenza. The viruses responsible for acute bronchitis include rhinovirus, influenza virus, parainfluenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and others. Less commonly, acute bronchitis can be caused by bacterial infections, such as Mycoplasma pneumoniae or Bordetella pertussis (whooping cough).

Symptoms

• The main symptoms of acute bronchitis typically include:
• Persistent cough that may produce mucus (clear, white, yellow, or green)
• Chest discomfort or tightness
• Wheezing or shortness of breath
• Mild fever and fatigue
• Sore throat
• Nasal congestion and runny nose (if a viral infection is involved)
• It is important to note that acute bronchitis usually does not cause high fever or significant breathing difficulties. If symptoms such as high fever, severe shortness of breath, or worsening cough develop, it may indicate a more serious respiratory condition, and medical attention should be sought.

Diagnosis

The diagnosis of acute bronchitis is primarily based on a medical history and physical examination. The healthcare provider will ask about symptoms and listen to the lungs with a stethoscope to assess breath sounds. In most cases, further diagnostic tests are not required unless complications or atypical features are present.

Treatment

• The treatment of acute bronchitis focuses on relieving symptoms, supporting the body's natural healing process, and managing complications if they arise. The following measures are commonly recommended:
• Rest and Fluid Intake: Getting plenty of rest and staying well-hydrated can help support the immune system and promote healing.
• Cough Management: Over-the-counter cough suppressants or expectorants may be used to alleviate cough symptoms. However, it is important to follow the instructions and consult a healthcare professional if the cough persists or worsens.
• Pain and Fever Relief: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), such as ibuprofen or acetaminophen, can be used to relieve chest discomfort, fever, and pain.
• Humidified Air: Breathing in warm, humidified air or using a humidifier can help soothe the airways and reduce coughing.
• Avoiding Irritants: It is advisable to avoid exposure to cigarette smoke, pollutants, and other respiratory irritants that can worsen symptoms.
• Antibiotics: Antibiotics are generally not prescribed for acute bronchitis unless a bacterial infection is suspected or confirmed.

Recovery and Prevention

Acute bronchitis typically resolves on its own within two to three weeks, although the cough may persist for longer. It is essential to practice good respiratory hygiene, such as covering the mouth and nose when coughing or sneezing, to prevent the spread of viral infections that can cause bronchitis. Quitting smoking and avoiding exposure to secondhand smoke are also important preventive measures.

See Also

• Common Cold
• Influenza
• Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)
• Pneumonia

References

• Braman, S. S. (2006). Chronic cough due to acute bronchitis: ACCP evidence-based clinical practice guidelines. Chest, 129(1 Suppl), 95S-103S. doi: 10.1378/chest.129.1_suppl.95S
• Wenzel, R. P., Fowler, A. A., & Edmond, M. B. (2006). Acute bronchitis. New England Journal of Medicine, 355(20), 2125-2130. doi: 10.1056/NEJMcp060040
• Hay, A. D., Wilson, A. D., Fahey, T., & Peters, T. J. (2003). The duration of acute cough in pre-school children presenting to primary care: a prospective cohort study. Family Practice, 20(6), 696-705. doi: 10.1093/fampra/cmg609
• Albert, R. H. (2010). Diagnosis and treatment of acute bronchitis. American Family Physician, 82(11), 1345-1350. Retrieved from https://www.aafp.org/afp/2010/1201/p1345.html

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