Arias-Stella reaction: Difference between revisions

From WikiMD's Wellness Encyclopedia

← Older edit
CSV import
CSV import
 
Line 1: Line 1:
== Aphthovirus ==
{{Short description|A histopathological reaction in the endometrium}}


'''Aphthovirus''' is a genus of viruses in the family [[Picornaviridae]]. This genus includes the well-known [[Foot-and-mouth disease virus]] (FMDV), which is a significant pathogen affecting livestock worldwide. Aphthoviruses are small, non-enveloped viruses with a single-stranded RNA genome.
The '''Arias-Stella reaction''' is a histopathological change observed in the endometrium, typically associated with pregnancy. It is characterized by hypersecretory changes in the endometrial glands, which can be mistaken for [[endometrial hyperplasia]] or [[endometrial carcinoma]]. This reaction is named after the Peruvian pathologist [[Javier Arias-Stella]], who first described it.


=== Structure ===
==Histopathology==
Aphthoviruses are characterized by their icosahedral capsid, which is composed of 60 copies each of four structural proteins: VP1, VP2, VP3, and VP4. The capsid encloses a positive-sense single-stranded RNA genome, which is approximately 8,500 nucleotides in length. The RNA genome is infectious and serves as both the genome and the mRNA for viral protein synthesis.
The Arias-Stella reaction is marked by several distinct histological features. The endometrial glands exhibit nuclear enlargement, hyperchromasia, and cytoplasmic vacuolation. These changes are due to the influence of high levels of [[human chorionic gonadotropin]] (hCG) and other hormones during pregnancy.


=== Genome ===
[[File:Arias-Stella_Reaction_in_Endometrium_(45966643982).jpg|Arias-Stella Reaction in Endometrium|thumb|right]]
The genome of aphthoviruses is organized into a single open reading frame that encodes a polyprotein. This polyprotein is cleaved by viral proteases into structural and non-structural proteins. The structural proteins form the viral capsid, while the non-structural proteins are involved in viral replication and assembly.


=== Replication Cycle ===
The nuclei of the glandular cells may appear bizarre and atypical, with prominent nucleoli. The cytoplasm often shows vacuolation and may contain eosinophilic secretions. These changes can mimic those seen in [[endometrial carcinoma]], making accurate diagnosis crucial to avoid unnecessary treatment.
Aphthoviruses replicate in the cytoplasm of host cells. The replication cycle begins with the attachment of the virus to specific receptors on the host cell surface, followed by entry into the cell. Once inside, the viral RNA is released and translated into a polyprotein, which is subsequently processed into functional viral proteins. The viral RNA is replicated by the viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, and new virions are assembled in the cytoplasm before being released to infect other cells.


=== Pathogenesis ===
==Clinical Significance==
The most notable member of the Aphthovirus genus is the Foot-and-mouth disease virus, which causes [[foot-and-mouth disease]] (FMD) in cloven-hoofed animals such as cattle, pigs, sheep, and goats. FMD is highly contagious and can lead to significant economic losses in the livestock industry. The disease is characterized by fever and the formation of vesicles in the mouth and on the feet of infected animals.
The Arias-Stella reaction is most commonly associated with [[ectopic pregnancy]], but it can also be seen in normal intrauterine pregnancies and [[molar pregnancy]]. It is important for pathologists to recognize this reaction to differentiate it from malignant conditions of the endometrium.


=== Transmission ===
==Differential Diagnosis==
Aphthoviruses are primarily transmitted through direct contact with infected animals or contaminated materials. The virus can also be spread via aerosols over short distances. Infected animals can shed the virus in saliva, milk, and feces, contributing to the spread of the disease.
The differential diagnosis for the Arias-Stella reaction includes:
* [[Endometrial hyperplasia]]
* [[Endometrial carcinoma]]
* [[Decidual reaction]]


== Related pages ==
Accurate diagnosis relies on correlating the histopathological findings with clinical information, such as the presence of pregnancy and levels of hCG.
* [[Foot-and-mouth disease]]
* [[Picornaviridae]]
* [[Viral replication]]


== Gallery ==
==Related Pages==
<gallery>
* [[Endometrium]]
File:Electronmicrograph_of_the_foot-and-mouth_disease_virus.png|Electron micrograph of the foot-and-mouth disease virus
* [[Pregnancy]]
File:13567_2013_Article_316_Fig1_HTML.webp|Structure of the Aphthovirus capsid
* [[Ectopic pregnancy]]
File:12985_2016_561_Fig2_HTML.webp|Genome organization of Aphthovirus
* [[Molar pregnancy]]
</gallery>


[[Category:Picornaviridae]]
==Gallery==
[[Category:Animal viral diseases]]
 
== Arias-Stella reaction ==
[[File:Electronmicrograph_of_the_foot-and-mouth_disease_virus.png|Electron micrograph of the foot-and-mouth disease virus|thumb|left]]
<gallery>
 
File:Arias-Stella_Reaction_in_Endometrium_(45966643982).jpg|Arias-Stella Reaction in Endometrium
[[File:13567_2013_Article_316_Fig1_HTML.webp|Structure of the Aphthovirus capsid|thumb|right]]
</gallery>
 
[[File:12985_2016_561_Fig2_HTML.webp|Genome organization of Aphthovirus|thumb|left]]
 
{{Medical conditions related to pregnancy}}
 
[[Category:Histopathology]]
[[Category:Pregnancy]]
[[Category:Pathology]]

Latest revision as of 18:43, 23 March 2025

A histopathological reaction in the endometrium


The Arias-Stella reaction is a histopathological change observed in the endometrium, typically associated with pregnancy. It is characterized by hypersecretory changes in the endometrial glands, which can be mistaken for endometrial hyperplasia or endometrial carcinoma. This reaction is named after the Peruvian pathologist Javier Arias-Stella, who first described it.

Histopathology[edit]

The Arias-Stella reaction is marked by several distinct histological features. The endometrial glands exhibit nuclear enlargement, hyperchromasia, and cytoplasmic vacuolation. These changes are due to the influence of high levels of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) and other hormones during pregnancy.

Arias-Stella Reaction in Endometrium

The nuclei of the glandular cells may appear bizarre and atypical, with prominent nucleoli. The cytoplasm often shows vacuolation and may contain eosinophilic secretions. These changes can mimic those seen in endometrial carcinoma, making accurate diagnosis crucial to avoid unnecessary treatment.

Clinical Significance[edit]

The Arias-Stella reaction is most commonly associated with ectopic pregnancy, but it can also be seen in normal intrauterine pregnancies and molar pregnancy. It is important for pathologists to recognize this reaction to differentiate it from malignant conditions of the endometrium.

Differential Diagnosis[edit]

The differential diagnosis for the Arias-Stella reaction includes:

Accurate diagnosis relies on correlating the histopathological findings with clinical information, such as the presence of pregnancy and levels of hCG.

Related Pages[edit]

Gallery[edit]

Electron micrograph of the foot-and-mouth disease virus
Structure of the Aphthovirus capsid
Genome organization of Aphthovirus

Template:Medical conditions related to pregnancy

Retrieved from "https://wikimd.com/index.php?title=Arias-Stella_reaction&oldid=6535380"