Papernaia: Difference between revisions

Latest revision as of 19:21, 22 March 2025

A genus of parasitic protozoa

Papernaia is a genus of parasitic protozoa belonging to the phylum Apicomplexa. These organisms are known to infect fish, particularly those in freshwater environments. The genus was named in honor of the parasitologist Ilan Paperna, who made significant contributions to the study of fish parasites.

Taxonomy[edit]

The genus Papernaia is part of the family Haemogregarinidae, which includes other genera of blood parasites. Members of this family are characterized by their complex life cycles, often involving multiple hosts, including vertebrates and invertebrates.

Morphology[edit]

Papernaia species are microscopic and exhibit the typical features of apicomplexan parasites, including the presence of an apical complex used for host cell invasion. The parasites are intracellular, residing within the blood cells of their hosts. They are typically elongated and may vary in size depending on the species and the host.

Life Cycle[edit]

The life cycle of Papernaia involves both a vertebrate and an invertebrate host. The vertebrate host is usually a fish, where the parasite undergoes asexual reproduction within the blood cells. The invertebrate host, often a leech or other blood-feeding organism, is involved in the sexual reproduction phase of the parasite's life cycle. Transmission occurs when the invertebrate host feeds on an infected fish, ingesting the parasites, which then develop and multiply within the invertebrate before being transmitted to a new vertebrate host.

Pathology[edit]

Infected fish may exhibit symptoms such as anemia, lethargy, and reduced growth rates due to the destruction of red blood cells by the parasites. Severe infections can lead to significant morbidity and mortality in fish populations, particularly in aquaculture settings where fish are kept in close proximity.

Diagnosis[edit]

Diagnosis of Papernaia infection is typically made through microscopic examination of blood smears from infected fish. The presence of the characteristic elongated parasites within the red blood cells is indicative of infection. Molecular techniques, such as PCR, can also be used to confirm the presence of Papernaia DNA in blood samples.

Treatment and Control[edit]

Control of Papernaia infections in aquaculture involves managing the population of invertebrate hosts, such as leeches, to reduce transmission. Treatment options for infected fish are limited, but may include the use of antiparasitic drugs. Preventive measures, such as maintaining good water quality and reducing stress in fish, can help minimize the impact of infections.

Related pages[edit]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-{{italic title}}
+{{Short description|A genus of parasitic protozoa}}
-{{Taxobox
-| name = ''Papernaia''
-| image =
-| domain = [[Eukaryota]]
-| unranked_regnum = [[SAR supergroup|Sar]]
-| unranked_superphylum = [[Alveolata]]
-| phylum = [[Apicomplexa]]
-| classis = [[Aconoidasida]]
-| ordo = [[Haemosporida]]
-| familia = [[Plasmodiidae]]
-| genus = ''[[Plasmodium]]''
-| subgenus = '''''Papernaia'''''
-| subgenus_authority =
-| subdivision_ranks = Species
-| subdivision =''[[Plasmodium ashfordi]]''<br/>
-''[[Plasmodium beaucournui]]''<br/>
-''[[Plasmodium bertii]]''<br/>
-''[[Plasmodium columbae]]''<br/>
-''[[Plasmodium dherteae]]''<br/>
-''[[Plasmodium durae]]''<br/>
-''[[Plasmodium formosanum]]''<br/>
-''[[Plasmodium gabaldoni]]''<br/>
-''[[Plasmodium garnhami]]''<br/>
-''[[Plasmodium golvani]]''<br/>
-''[[Plasmodium hegneri]]''<br/>
-''[[Plasmodium hexamerium]]''<br/>
-''[[Plasmodium jeanriouxi]]''<br/>
-''[[Plasmodium lenoblei]]''<br/>
-''[[Plasmodium nucleophilum]]''<br/>
-''[[Plasmodium paranucleophilum]]''<br/>
-''[[Plasmodium pediocetae]]''<br/>
-''[[Plasmodium pinotti]]''<br/>
-''[[Plasmodium polare]]''<br/>
-''[[Plasmodium reniai]]''<br/>
-''[[Plasmodium rouxi]]''<br/>
-''[[Plasmodium snounoui]]''<br/>
-''[[Plasmodium valkiunasi]]''
-}}
-'''''Papernaia''''' is a subgenus of the genus ''[[Plasmodium]]'', all of which are parasitic [[protozoa]]. The subgenus was created in 2010 by Landau ''et al''<ref name="LandauChavatte2010">{{cite journal|last1=Landau|first1=I.|last2=Chavatte|first2=J.M.|last3=Peters|first3=W.|last4=[[Alain Chabaud|Chabaud]]|first4=A.|title=The sub-genera of Avian ''Plasmodium''|journal=Parasite|volume=17|issue=1|year=2010|pages=3–7|issn=1252-607X|doi=10.1051/parasite/2010171003|pmid=20387732}}{{open access}}</ref>
+'''Papernaia''' is a genus of parasitic protozoa belonging to the phylum [[Apicomplexa]]. These organisms are known to infect [[fish]], particularly those in freshwater environments. The genus was named in honor of the parasitologist Ilan Paperna, who made significant contributions to the study of fish parasites.
-[[Species]] in this subgenus infect [[bird]]s with malaria.
+==Taxonomy==
+The genus ''Papernaia'' is part of the family [[Haemogregarinidae]], which includes other genera of blood parasites. Members of this family are characterized by their complex life cycles, often involving multiple hosts, including [[vertebrates]] and [[invertebrates]].
-==Subgenus characteristics==
+==Morphology==
+''Papernaia'' species are microscopic and exhibit the typical features of apicomplexan parasites, including the presence of an [[apical complex]] used for host cell invasion. The parasites are intracellular, residing within the blood cells of their hosts. They are typically elongated and may vary in size depending on the species and the host.
-The gametocytes are elongated. The schizonts apically or lateroapically placed and are rounded or irregularly shaped. The host nucleus may be tilted.
+==Life Cycle==
+The life cycle of ''Papernaia'' involves both a vertebrate and an invertebrate host. The vertebrate host is usually a fish, where the parasite undergoes asexual reproduction within the blood cells. The invertebrate host, often a [[leech]] or other blood-feeding organism, is involved in the sexual reproduction phase of the parasite's life cycle. Transmission occurs when the invertebrate host feeds on an infected fish, ingesting the parasites, which then develop and multiply within the invertebrate before being transmitted to a new vertebrate host.
-==History==
+==Pathology==
+Infected fish may exhibit symptoms such as anemia, lethargy, and reduced growth rates due to the destruction of red blood cells by the parasites. Severe infections can lead to significant morbidity and mortality in fish populations, particularly in aquaculture settings where fish are kept in close proximity.
-This subgenus was created on the basis of morphology. It may be subsequently revised when more information becomes available from [[DNA]] studies.
+==Diagnosis==
+Diagnosis of ''Papernaia'' infection is typically made through microscopic examination of blood smears from infected fish. The presence of the characteristic elongated parasites within the red blood cells is indicative of infection. Molecular techniques, such as [[PCR]], can also be used to confirm the presence of ''Papernaia'' DNA in blood samples.
-It was created to deal with the existing problems with the existing subgenera ''[[Giovannolaia]]'' and ''[[Novyella]]''. Both genera were originally defined on the basis of morphology but subsequent DNA analysis showed them both to be polyphetic. These subgenera have been revised and several of the species originally placed within those subgenera have now been moved to ''Papernaia''.
+==Treatment and Control==
+Control of ''Papernaia'' infections in aquaculture involves managing the population of invertebrate hosts, such as leeches, to reduce transmission. Treatment options for infected fish are limited, but may include the use of antiparasitic drugs. Preventive measures, such as maintaining good water quality and reducing stress in fish, can help minimize the impact of infections.
-The name of this subgenus was chosen to honour the malariologist [[Ilan Paperna]].
+==Related pages==
+* [[Apicomplexa]]
+* [[Haemogregarinidae]]
+* [[Fish diseases]]
+* [[Parasitology]]
-==References==
+[[Category:Apicomplexa]]
-{{Reflist}}
+[[Category:Fish diseases]]
+[[Category:Parasitic protozoa]]
-{{Alveolata}}
-{{Taxonbar|from=Q16987319}}
-[[Category:Plasmodium subgenera]]
-[[Category:Parasites of birds]]
-{{microbiology-stub}}
-{{infectious-disease-stub}}
-{{Plasmodium-stub}}
-{{dictionary-stub1}}
-{{No image}}