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| An '''aging-associated disease''' is a [[disease]] that is most often seen with increasing frequency with increasing [[senescence]]. Essentially, aging-associated diseases are [[Complication (medicine)|complications]] arising from [[senescence]]. Age-associated diseases are to be distinguished from the [[ageing|aging]] process itself because all adult animals age, save for a few rare [[Negligible senescence|exceptions]], but not all adult animals experience all age-associated diseases. Aging-associated diseases do not refer to age-specific diseases, such as the [[List of childhood diseases|childhood diseases]] [[chicken pox]] and [[measles]]. "Aging-associated disease" is used here to mean "diseases of the elderly". Nor should aging-associated diseases be confused with [[accelerated aging disease]]s, all of which are [[genetic disorder]]s.
| | {{Short description|Diseases that are more common in older adults}} |
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| Examples of aging-associated diseases are [[atherosclerosis]] and [[cardiovascular disease]], [[cancer]], [[arthritis]], [[cataracts]], [[osteoporosis]], [[Diabetes mellitus type 2|type 2 diabetes]], [[hypertension]] and [[Alzheimer's disease]]. The incidence of all of these diseases increases [[Exponential growth|exponentially]] with age<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2019-01-01|title=Age-related diseases as vicious cycles|journal=Ageing Research Reviews|language=en|volume=49|pages=11–26|doi=10.1016/j.arr.2018.11.002|pmid=30458244|issn=1568-1637|last1=Belikov|first1=Aleksey V.}}</ref>.
| | '''Aging-associated diseases''' are a group of [[disease]]s and [[health condition]]s that occur more frequently as individuals age. These diseases are distinct from the [[aging process]] itself, which is a natural and inevitable biological process. Aging-associated diseases are often chronic and can significantly impact the quality of life and longevity of older adults. |
| [[File:Age Specific SEER Incidence Rates 2003-2007.svg|thumb|Age-Specific [[Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results|SEER]] Incidence Rates, 2003-2007]]
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| Of the roughly 150,000 people who die each day across the globe, about two thirds—100,000 per day—die of age-related causes.<ref name="doi10.2202/1941-6008.1011">{{cite journal|last=Aubrey D.N.J |first=de Grey |authorlink=Aubrey de Grey |title=Life Span Extension Research and Public Debate: Societal Considerations |journal=Studies in Ethics, Law, and Technology |volume=1 |issue=1, Article 5 |year=2007 |url=http://www.sens.org/files/pdf/ENHANCE-PP.pdf |doi=10.2202/1941-6008.1011 |accessdate=August 7, 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161013163622/http://www.sens.org/files/pdf/ENHANCE-PP.pdf |archivedate=October 13, 2016 |citeseerx=10.1.1.395.745 }}</ref> In industrialized nations, the proportion is higher, reaching 90%.<ref name="doi10.2202/1941-6008.1011"/>
| | ==Overview== |
| | Aging-associated diseases are not caused by aging per se, but their prevalence increases with age. As the global population ages, understanding and managing these diseases becomes increasingly important. Common aging-associated diseases include [[cardiovascular disease]], [[cancer]], [[type 2 diabetes]], [[osteoporosis]], and [[neurodegenerative disease]]s such as [[Alzheimer's disease]] and [[Parkinson's disease]]. |
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| ==Patterns of differences== | | ==Common Aging-Associated Diseases== |
| By age 3 about 30% of [[rat]]s have had cancer, whereas by age 85 about 30% of humans have had cancer. Humans, [[dog]]s and [[rabbit]]s get Alzheimer's disease, but [[rodent]]s do not. Elderly rodents typically die of cancer or [[Nephrology|kidney disease]], but not of cardiovascular disease. In humans, the relative incidence of cancer increases exponentially with age for most cancers, but levels off or may even decline by age 60–75 <ref>{{cite journal |last1=Belikov |first1=Aleksey V. |title=The number of key carcinogenic events can be predicted from cancer incidence |journal=Scientific Reports |date=22 September 2017 |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=12170 |doi=10.1038/s41598-017-12448-7|pmid=28939880 |pmc=5610194 }}</ref>(although [[Colon (anatomy)|colon]]/[[rectum|rectal]] cancer continues to increase).<ref>{{cite web |title=SEER Cancer Statistics Review, 1975–2003 |work=[[Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results]] (SEER) |publisher=National Cancer Institute |url=http://seer.cancer.gov/report_to_nation/supplemental/annual_report_75-03_agegroups.pdf |format=[[PDF]] |accessdate=2006-11-20 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060925110425/http://seer.cancer.gov/report_to_nation/supplemental/annual_report_75-03_agegroups.pdf |archivedate=2006-09-25 |deadurl=yes |df= }}</ref>
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| People with the so-called [[Accelerated aging disease|segmental progerias]] are vulnerable to different sets of diseases. Those with [[Werner's syndrome]] suffer from osteoporosis, cataracts, and cardiovascular disease, but not [[neurodegeneration]] or Alzheimer's disease; those with [[Down syndrome]] suffer type 2 diabetes and Alzheimer's disease, but not high [[blood pressure]], osteoporosis or cataracts. In [[Bloom syndrome]], those afflicted most often die of cancer.
| | ===Cardiovascular Disease=== |
| | [[Cardiovascular disease]] encompasses a range of conditions affecting the heart and blood vessels, including [[coronary artery disease]], [[heart failure]], and [[hypertension]]. These conditions are more prevalent in older adults due to changes in the cardiovascular system, such as stiffening of the arteries and reduced cardiac output. |
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| ==Research== | | ===Cancer=== |
| Aging (senescence) increases vulnerability to age-associated diseases, whereas [[genetics]] determines vulnerability or resistance between species and individuals within species. Some age-related changes (like [[Human_hair_color#Aging_or_achromotrichia|graying hair]]) are said to be unrelated to an increase in [[Mortality rate|mortality]]. But some [[biogerontologist]]s believe that the same underlying changes that cause [[Hair#Aging|graying hair]] also increase mortality in other organ systems and that understanding the incidence of age-associated disease will advance knowledge of the [[biology]] of senescence just as knowledge of [[childhood disease]]s advanced knowledge of [[Human development (biology)|human development]].<ref>{{cite journal |author=Hayflick, L |title=The not-so-close relationship between biological aging and age-associated pathologies in humans |journal=The Journals of Gerontology: Series A |volume=59 |issue=6 |year=2004 |pages=B547–B550 |pmid=15215261 |doi=10.1093/gerona/59.6.B547}}</ref>
| | [[Cancer]] is a leading cause of death among older adults. The risk of developing cancer increases with age due to accumulated genetic mutations and changes in cellular repair mechanisms. Common cancers in older adults include [[breast cancer]], [[prostate cancer]], [[lung cancer]], and [[colorectal cancer]]. |
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| [[Strategies for Engineered Negligible Senescence]] (SENS) is a research strategy which aims to repair a few "root causes" for age-related illness and degeneration, as well as develop medical procedures to periodically repair all such damage in the human body, thereby maintaining a youth-like state indefinitely.<ref name=SENSPlatform>"[http://www.mfoundation.org/sens The SENS Platform: An Engineering Approach to Curing Aging]". Methuselah Foundation. Retrieved on June 28, 2008.</ref> So far, the SENS programme has identified seven types of aging-related damage, and feasible solutions have been outlined for each. However, critics argue that the SENS agenda is optimistic at best, and that the aging process is too complex and little-understood for SENS to be scientific or implementable in the foreseeable future.<ref name="pmid16264422">{{cite journal | last1 = Warner | first1 = H | last2 = Anderson | first2 = J | last3 = Austad | first3 = S | last4 = Bergamini | first4 = E | last5 = Bredesen | first5 = D | last6 = Butler | first6 = R | last7 = Carnes | first7 = BA | last8 = Clark | first8 = BF | last9 = Cristofalo | first9 = V | displayauthors=8| title = Science fact and the SENS agenda | journal = EMBO Reports | volume = 6 | issue = 11 | pages = 1006–8 | year = 2005 | pmid = 16264422 | pmc = 1371037 | doi = 10.1038/sj.embor.7400555 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = De Grey | first1 = AD | title = Like it or not, life-extension research extends beyond biogerontology | journal = EMBO Reports | volume = 6 | issue = 11 | pages = 1000 | year = 2005 | pmid = 16264420 | pmc = 1371043 | doi = 10.1038/sj.embor.7400565 }}</ref><ref>de Grey, Aubrey. "[http://www.mfoundation.org/files/sens/Gandhi3.htm The biogerontology research community's evolving view of SENS]". Methuselah Foundation. Retrieved on July 1, 2008.</ref> | | ===Type 2 Diabetes=== |
| | [[Type 2 diabetes]] is characterized by insulin resistance and high blood sugar levels. It is more common in older adults due to factors such as increased body fat, decreased physical activity, and changes in insulin sensitivity. |
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| Recently it has been proposed that age-related diseases are mediated by vicious cycles <ref>{{cite journal |last1=Belikov |first1=Aleksey V. |title=Age-related diseases as vicious cycles |journal=Ageing Research Reviews |date=January 2019 |volume=49 |pages=11–26 |doi=10.1016/j.arr.2018.11.002|pmid=30458244 }}</ref>
| | ===Osteoporosis=== |
| | [[Osteoporosis]] is a condition where bones become weak and brittle, increasing the risk of fractures. It is more common in older adults, particularly postmenopausal women, due to decreased bone density and changes in hormone levels. |
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| == Diseases == | | ===Neurodegenerative Diseases=== |
| | Neurodegenerative diseases, such as [[Alzheimer's disease]] and [[Parkinson's disease]], involve the progressive degeneration of nerve cells. These diseases are more prevalent in older adults and can lead to significant cognitive and motor impairments. |
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| === Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD) === | | ==Prevention and Management== |
| [[Macular degeneration|Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD)]] is a disease that affects the eyes and can lead to vision loss through break down of the central part of the retina called the macula. Degeneration can occur in one eye or both and can be classified as either wet (neovascular) or dry (atrophic). Wet AMD commonly is caused by blood vessels near the retina that lead to swelling of the macula.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Zarbin|first=Marco A.|date=2004-04-01|title=Current Concepts in the Pathogenesis of Age-Related Macular Degeneration|url=https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamaophthalmology/fullarticle/416250|journal=Archives of Ophthalmology|language=en|volume=122|issue=4|pages=598–614|doi=10.1001/archopht.122.4.598|issn=0003-9950}}</ref> The cause of dry AMD is less clear, but it is thought to be partly caused by breakdown of light-sensitive cells and tissue surrounding the macula. A major risk factor for AMD is age over the age of 60. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nei.nih.gov/health/maculardegen/armd_facts|title=Facts About Age-Related Macular Degeneration {{!}} National Eye Institute|website=nei.nih.gov|access-date=2019-08-06}}</ref>
| | Preventing and managing aging-associated diseases involves a combination of lifestyle modifications, medical interventions, and regular health screenings. Key strategies include maintaining a healthy diet, engaging in regular physical activity, avoiding smoking, and managing chronic conditions such as hypertension and diabetes. |
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| === Alzheimer's Disease === | | ==Related Pages== |
| [[Alzheimer's disease|Alzheimer's Disease]] is classified as a "protein misfolding " disease. Aging causes mutations in protein folding, and as a result causes deposits of abnormal modified proteins accumulate in specific areas of the brain. In Alzheimer's,deposits of Beta-amyloid and hyperphosphorylated tau protein form extracellular plaques and extracellular tangles.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Franceschi|first=Claudio|last2=Garagnani|first2=Paolo|last3=Morsiani|first3=Cristina|last4=Conte|first4=Maria|last5=Santoro|first5=Aurelia|last6=Grignolio|first6=Andrea|last7=Monti|first7=Daniela|last8=Capri|first8=Miriam|last9=Salvioli|first9=Stefano|date=2018-03-12|title=The Continuum of Aging and Age-Related Diseases: Common Mechanisms but Different Rates|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5890129/|journal=Frontiers in Medicine|volume=5|doi=10.3389/fmed.2018.00061|issn=2296-858X|pmc=5890129|pmid=29662881}}</ref> These deposits are shown to be neurotoxic and cause cognitive impairment due to their initiation of destructive biochemical pathways.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bloom|first=George S.|date=2014-04-01|title=Amyloid-β and Tau: The Trigger and Bullet in Alzheimer Disease Pathogenesis|url=https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamaneurology/fullarticle/1817720|journal=JAMA Neurology|language=en|volume=71|issue=4|pages=505–508|doi=10.1001/jamaneurol.2013.5847|issn=2168-6149}}</ref> | | * [[Aging]] |
| | * [[Geriatrics]] |
| | * [[Longevity]] |
| | * [[Chronic disease]] |
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| === Atherosclerosis ===
| | [[Category:Gerontology]] |
| [[Atherosclerosis]] is categorized as an aging disease and is brought about by vascular remodeling, the accumulation of plaque, and the loss of arterial elasticity. Over time, these processes can stiffen the vasculature. For these reasons, older age is listed as a major risk factor for atherosclerosis.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Wang Julie C.|last2=Bennett Martin|date=2012-07-06|title=Aging and Atherosclerosis|url=https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/full/10.1161/circresaha.111.261388|journal=Circulation Research|volume=111|issue=2|pages=245–259|doi=10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.111.261388}}</ref> Specifically, the risk of atherosclerosis increases for men above 45 years of age and women above 55 years of age.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health-topics/atherosclerosis|title=Atherosclerosis {{!}} National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI)|website=www.nhlbi.nih.gov|access-date=2019-08-05}}</ref> | | [[Category:Medical conditions related to aging]] |
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| === Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH) ===
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| [[Benign prostatic hyperplasia|Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)]] is a noncancerous enlargement of the prostate gland due to increased growth.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/urologic-diseases/prostate-problems/prostate-enlargement-benign-prostatic-hyperplasia|title=Prostate Enlargement (Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia) {{!}} NIDDK|website=National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases|language=en-US|access-date=2019-08-06}}</ref> An enlarged prostate can result in incomplete or complete blockage of the bladder and interferes with a man's ability to urinate properly. Symptoms include [[overactive bladder]], decreased stream of urine, hesitancy urinating, and incomplete emptying of the bladder.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.urologyhealth.org/urologic-conditions/benign-prostatic-hyperplasia-(bph)|title=What is Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH)? - Urology Care Foundation|website=www.urologyhealth.org|access-date=2019-08-06}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.auanet.org/guidelines/benign-prostatic-hyperplasia-(bph)-guideline|title=Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH) Guideline - American Urological Association|website=www.auanet.org|access-date=2019-08-06}}</ref> By age 40, 10% of men will have signs of BPH and by age 60, this percentage increases by 5 fold. Men over the age of 80 have over a 90% chance of developing BPH and almost 80% of men will develop BPH in their lifetime.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.auanet.org/education/auauniversity/for-medical-students/medical-student-curriculum/bph|title=Medical Student Curriculum: Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy (BPH) - American Urological Association|website=www.auanet.org|access-date=2019-08-06}}</ref>
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| ==See also==
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| * [[Accelerated aging disease]]
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| * [[Alliance for Aging Research]]
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| * [[Gerontology]]
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| * [[Senescence]]
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| ==References==
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| {{reflist}}
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| ==External links==
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| *[http://www.benbest.com/lifeext/aging.html#progeria Segmental Progeria]
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| {{Longevity}}
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| <!-- Categories -->
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| [[Category:Aging-associated diseases]]
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| [[Category:Geriatrics]]
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| [[Category:Senescence]]
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| {{dictionary-stub1}}
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Diseases that are more common in older adults
Aging-associated diseases are a group of diseases and health conditions that occur more frequently as individuals age. These diseases are distinct from the aging process itself, which is a natural and inevitable biological process. Aging-associated diseases are often chronic and can significantly impact the quality of life and longevity of older adults.
Overview
Aging-associated diseases are not caused by aging per se, but their prevalence increases with age. As the global population ages, understanding and managing these diseases becomes increasingly important. Common aging-associated diseases include cardiovascular disease, cancer, type 2 diabetes, osteoporosis, and neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease.
Common Aging-Associated Diseases
Cardiovascular Disease
Cardiovascular disease encompasses a range of conditions affecting the heart and blood vessels, including coronary artery disease, heart failure, and hypertension. These conditions are more prevalent in older adults due to changes in the cardiovascular system, such as stiffening of the arteries and reduced cardiac output.
Cancer
Cancer is a leading cause of death among older adults. The risk of developing cancer increases with age due to accumulated genetic mutations and changes in cellular repair mechanisms. Common cancers in older adults include breast cancer, prostate cancer, lung cancer, and colorectal cancer.
Type 2 Diabetes
Type 2 diabetes is characterized by insulin resistance and high blood sugar levels. It is more common in older adults due to factors such as increased body fat, decreased physical activity, and changes in insulin sensitivity.
Osteoporosis
Osteoporosis is a condition where bones become weak and brittle, increasing the risk of fractures. It is more common in older adults, particularly postmenopausal women, due to decreased bone density and changes in hormone levels.
Neurodegenerative Diseases
Neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease, involve the progressive degeneration of nerve cells. These diseases are more prevalent in older adults and can lead to significant cognitive and motor impairments.
Prevention and Management
Preventing and managing aging-associated diseases involves a combination of lifestyle modifications, medical interventions, and regular health screenings. Key strategies include maintaining a healthy diet, engaging in regular physical activity, avoiding smoking, and managing chronic conditions such as hypertension and diabetes.
Related Pages
