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{{Infobox medical condition (new)
{{Short description|A disorder affecting gastrointestinal motility due to autoimmune causes}}
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'''Autoimmune gastrointestinal dysmotility''' ('''AGID''') is an [[autoimmune disease]] [[autonomic neuropathy]] affecting the [[gastrointestinal]] organs and [[digestive system]] of the body. Dysmotility is when the strength or coordination of the [[esophagus]], [[stomach]] or [[intestines]] [[muscles]] do not work as they should.<ref>Bolen, Barbara Bradley. [http://ibs.about.com/od/glossary/g/Dysmotility.htm "Dysmotility"]. About.com. Retrieved 14 January 2013.</ref>
==Presentation==
=== Associated illnesses ===
Often AGID is a symptom of other problems, including [[colon cancer]], [[lupus]], lung, breast, or [[ovarian]] [[carcinoma]] or [[thymoma]]. or other diseases. [[Irritable bowel syndrome]] (IBS) is the most recognized form of AGID{{Citation needed|date=December 2014}}.


== Diagnosis ==
'''Autoimmune gastrointestinal dysmotility''' (AGID) is a rare disorder characterized by abnormal movement of the muscles in the gastrointestinal tract due to an autoimmune response. This condition can affect any part of the gastrointestinal tract, leading to a variety of symptoms and complications.
AGID is diagnosed with a complete medical history, exam of patients motility and with special blood tests looking for autoantibodies consistent with neurologic autoimmunity.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.cgh.2008.04.009 |title=Serologic Profiles Aiding the Diagnosis of Autoimmune Gastrointestinal Dysmotility |year=2008 |last1=Dhamija |first1=Radhika |last2=Tan |first2=K. Meng |last3=Pittock |first3=Sean J. |last4=Foxx–Orenstein |first4=Amy |last5=Benarroch |first5=Eduardo |last6=Lennon |first6=Vanda A. |journal=Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology |volume=6 |issue=9 |pages=988–92 |pmid=18599359 |pmc=2741093}}</ref> Blood tests included evaluations of immunofluorescence (neuronal nuclear and cytoplasmic antibodies), radioimmunoprecipitation assays (neuronal and muscle plasma membrane cation channel antibodies), and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (muscle striational antibodies). A finding, along with medical history, of ganglionic neuronal acetylcholine receptor and N-type voltage-gated calcium channel autoantibodies in the blood stream would result in a medically acceptable diagnosis of AGID.<ref name="ncbi">{{cite journal |doi=10.1053/j.gastro.2006.06.018 |title=Autoimmune Gastrointestinal Dysmotility Treated Successfully with Pyridostigmine |year=2006 |last1=Pasha |first1=Shabana F. |last2=Lunsford |first2=Tisha N. |last3=Lennon |first3=Vanda A. |journal=Gastroenterology |volume=131 |issue=5 |pages=1592–6 |pmid=17101331}}</ref>


== Treatment ==
==Pathophysiology==
AGID occurs when the body's immune system mistakenly attacks the nerves and muscles of the gastrointestinal tract. This autoimmune attack can lead to inflammation and damage to the [[enteric nervous system]], which is responsible for controlling the motility of the gastrointestinal tract. The resulting dysmotility can cause either slowed or uncoordinated movement of the digestive tract, affecting the normal process of digestion and absorption.


Medications to relieve nausea and vomiting or to enhance mobility may be helpful, as may [[Acetylcholinesterase inhibitor|cholinesterase inhibitors]].  [[Immunotherapy]] and [[Plasmapheresis|plasma exchange]] have also been reportedly effective.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/diseases/12063/autoimmune-gastrointestinal-dysmotility|title=Autoimmune gastrointestinal dysmotility {{!}} Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center (GARD) – an NCATS Program|website=rarediseases.info.nih.gov|language=en|access-date=2018-04-17}}</ref> [[Pyridostigmine]] is a pharmaceutical treatment option for patients with AGID.<ref name="ncbi" />
==Symptoms==
In severe cases patients with AGID are required to abandon eating foods, requiring them to get nourishment through a process called [[parenteral nutrition]], where the patient is fed via a permanent [[Intravenous therapy|IV]] and the liquid [[nourishment]] is infused directly in the blood stream, as opposed to a feeding tube.
The symptoms of AGID can vary widely depending on which part of the gastrointestinal tract is affected. Common symptoms include:
* [[Nausea]]
* [[Vomiting]]
* [[Abdominal pain]]
* [[Bloating]]
* [[Diarrhea]]
* [[Constipation]]
* [[Weight loss]]
* [[Malnutrition]]


== References ==
These symptoms can lead to significant discomfort and may severely impact a patient's quality of life.
{{reflist}}


== Further reading==
==Diagnosis==
*[https://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/diseases/12063/autoimmune-gastrointestinal-dysmotility Autoimmune Gastrointestinal Dysmotility] Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences
Diagnosing AGID can be challenging due to its rarity and the overlap of symptoms with other gastrointestinal disorders. A comprehensive evaluation typically includes:
* Detailed medical history and physical examination
* Blood tests to identify specific [[autoantibodies]]
* Imaging studies such as [[CT scan]] or [[MRI]]
* [[Gastrointestinal motility]] studies
* [[Endoscopy]] to visualize the gastrointestinal tract
 
==Treatment==
Treatment of AGID focuses on managing symptoms and addressing the underlying autoimmune process. Therapeutic approaches may include:
* [[Immunosuppressive therapy]] to reduce the autoimmune response
* Medications to improve gastrointestinal motility, such as [[prokinetic agents]]
* Nutritional support, including [[enteral nutrition]] or [[parenteral nutrition]] if necessary
* Symptomatic treatment for nausea, pain, and other symptoms
 
==Prognosis==
The prognosis for individuals with AGID varies depending on the severity of the condition and the response to treatment. Early diagnosis and appropriate management can improve outcomes and quality of life for many patients.
 
==Related pages==
* [[Autoimmune disease]]
* [[Gastrointestinal tract]]
* [[Dysmotility]]
* [[Enteric nervous system]]


[[Category:Digestive diseases]]
[[Category:Autoimmune diseases]]
[[Category:Autoimmune diseases]]
[[Category:Gastrointestinal tract disorders]]

Revision as of 19:08, 22 March 2025

A disorder affecting gastrointestinal motility due to autoimmune causes


Autoimmune gastrointestinal dysmotility (AGID) is a rare disorder characterized by abnormal movement of the muscles in the gastrointestinal tract due to an autoimmune response. This condition can affect any part of the gastrointestinal tract, leading to a variety of symptoms and complications.

Pathophysiology

AGID occurs when the body's immune system mistakenly attacks the nerves and muscles of the gastrointestinal tract. This autoimmune attack can lead to inflammation and damage to the enteric nervous system, which is responsible for controlling the motility of the gastrointestinal tract. The resulting dysmotility can cause either slowed or uncoordinated movement of the digestive tract, affecting the normal process of digestion and absorption.

Symptoms

The symptoms of AGID can vary widely depending on which part of the gastrointestinal tract is affected. Common symptoms include:

These symptoms can lead to significant discomfort and may severely impact a patient's quality of life.

Diagnosis

Diagnosing AGID can be challenging due to its rarity and the overlap of symptoms with other gastrointestinal disorders. A comprehensive evaluation typically includes:

Treatment

Treatment of AGID focuses on managing symptoms and addressing the underlying autoimmune process. Therapeutic approaches may include:

Prognosis

The prognosis for individuals with AGID varies depending on the severity of the condition and the response to treatment. Early diagnosis and appropriate management can improve outcomes and quality of life for many patients.

Related pages

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