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| The '''Chinese Classification of Mental Disorders''' ('''CCMD'''; {{zh|c=中国精神疾病分类方案与诊断标准}}), published by the [[Chinese Society of Psychiatry]] (CSP), is a [[Medical guideline|clinical guide]] used in [[China]] for the diagnosis of [[mental disorder]]s. It is currently on a third version, the '''CCMD-3''', written in Chinese and English. It is intentionally similar in structure and categorisation to the [[ICD]] and [[Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders|DSM]], the two most well-known diagnostic manuals, though it includes some variations on their main diagnoses and around 40 culturally related diagnoses.
| | {{Short description|A classification system for mental disorders used in China}} |
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| == History ==
| | The '''Chinese Classification of Mental Disorders''' (CCMD) is a system used in the People's Republic of China for the diagnosis and classification of mental disorders. It is similar to the [[International Classification of Diseases]] (ICD) and the [[Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders]] (DSM) used internationally, but it includes cultural considerations specific to China. |
| The first published Chinese psychiatric classificatory scheme appeared in 1979. A revised classification system, the CCMD-1, was made available in 1981 and further modified in 1984 (CCMD-2-R). The CCMD-3 was published in 2001. | |
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| Many Chinese psychiatrists believed the CCMD had special advantages over other manuals, such as simplicity, stability, the inclusion of culture-distinctive categories, and the exclusion of certain Western diagnostic categories. The Chinese translation of the [[ICD-10]] was seen as linguistically complicated, containing very long sentences and awkward terms and syntax (Lee, 2001).
| | ==History== |
| | The development of the CCMD began in the 1970s, with the first edition published in 1981. The second edition, CCMD-2, was released in 1989, and the third edition, CCMD-3, was published in 2001. Each edition has been developed to address the unique cultural and social context of China, while also aligning with international standards. |
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| == Diagnostic categories == | | ==Structure== |
| | The CCMD is structured similarly to other classification systems, with disorders grouped into categories based on shared characteristics. It includes sections on mood disorders, anxiety disorders, psychotic disorders, and others. However, it also includes categories for disorders that are more prevalent or culturally specific to China, such as [[neurasthenia]] and [[koro]]. |
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| The diagnosis of [[Major depressive disorder|depression]] is included in the CCMD, with many similar criteria to the ICD or DSM, with the core having been translated as 'low spirits'. However, [[Neurasthenia]] is a more central diagnosis. Although also found in the ICD, its diagnosis takes a particular form in China, called 'shenjing shuairuo', which emphasizes [[somatic (biology)|somatic]] (bodily) complaints as well as [[fatigue (medical)|fatigue]] or depressed feelings. Neurasthenia is a less stigmatizing diagnosis than depression in China, being conceptually distinct from psychiatric labels, and is said to fit well with a tendency to express emotional issues in somatic terms. The concept of neurasthenia as a [[nervous system disorder]] is also said to fit well with the traditional Chinese [[epistemology]] of disease causation on the basis of disharmony of [[vital organ]]s and imbalance of [[qi]].
| | ==Cultural Considerations== |
| | One of the key features of the CCMD is its inclusion of disorders that are culturally specific to China. For example, [[neurasthenia]] is a condition characterized by fatigue, headache, and irritability, which is recognized in the CCMD but not in the DSM. Similarly, [[koro]] is a culture-bound syndrome involving the fear of genital retraction, which is included in the CCMD. |
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| The diagnosis of [[schizophrenia]] is included in the CCMD. It is applied quite readily and broadly in Chinese psychiatry. | | ==Comparison with Other Systems== |
| | While the CCMD shares many similarities with the ICD and DSM, it also has notable differences. The inclusion of culture-bound syndromes is one such difference. Additionally, the CCMD may use different criteria for diagnosis, reflecting the cultural and social context of China. |
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| Some of the wordings of the diagnosis are different, for example rather than [[borderline personality disorder]] as in the DSM, or [[emotionally unstable personality disorder]] (borderline type) as in the ICD, the CCMD has [[impulsive personality disorder]].
| | ==Use in Clinical Practice== |
| | The CCMD is widely used in clinical practice in China, providing a framework for the diagnosis and treatment of mental disorders. It is used by psychiatrists, psychologists, and other mental health professionals in hospitals and clinics across the country. |
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| Diagnoses that are more specific to Chinese or Asian culture, though they may also be outlined in the ICD (or DSM glossary section), include:
| | ==Future Developments== |
| | As mental health care continues to evolve in China, the CCMD is likely to undergo further revisions. Future editions may incorporate new research findings and continue to align with international standards while maintaining cultural relevance. |
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| *'''[[Koro (medicine)|Koro]]''' or '''Genital retraction syndrome''': excessive fear of the [[genitals]] (and also breasts in women) shrinking or drawing back into the body. | | ==Related Pages== |
| *'''[[Zou huo ru mo (medicine)|Zou huo ru mo]]''' ({{lang|zh|走火入魔}}) or '''qigong deviation''' ({{lang|zh|氣功偏差}}): perception of uncontrolled flow of [[qi]] in the body. | | * [[International Classification of Diseases]] |
| *Mental disorders due to [[superstition]] or [[witchcraft]]. | | * [[Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders]] |
| *Travelling [[psychosis]] | | * [[Neurasthenia]] |
| | * [[Koro]] |
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| The CCMD-3 lists several "disorders of sexual preference" including [[ego-dystonic sexual orientation|ego-dystonic homosexuality]], but does not recognize [[pedophilia]].<ref>{{cite journal | author = Janssen, Diederik F. | year = 2014 | title = "Paraphilia": Acultural or Anti-Anthropological? | journal = Sexual Offender Treatment | volume = 9 | issue = 2 | url = http://www.sexual-offender-treatment.org/134.html}}</ref>
| | [[Category:Mental disorders]] |
| | | [[Category:Psychiatry in China]] |
| ===Koro===
| | [[Category:Classification systems]] |
| {{main|Koro (medicine)}}
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| [[Koro (medicine)|Koro]] or '''Genital retraction syndrome''' is a culture-specific syndrome from Southeast Asia in which the patient has an overpowering belief that the genitalia (or nipples in females) is shrinking and will shortly disappear. In China, it is known as shuk yang, shook yong, and suo yang (simplified Chinese: 缩阳; traditional Chinese: 縮陽). This has been associated with cultures placing a heavy emphasis on balance, or on [[fertility]] and [[reproduction]].
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| ===Zou huo ru mo===
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| {{main|Zou huo ru mo (medicine)}}
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| '''[[Zou huo ru mo (medicine)|Zou huo ru mo]]''' ({{lang|zh|走火入魔}}) or "qigong deviation" ({{lang|zh|氣功偏差}}) is a mental condition characterized by the perception that there is uncontrolled flow of [[qi]] in the body. Other complaints include localized pains, headache, insomnia, and uncontrolled spontaneous movements.<ref name=Nancy3 >{{cite book|last= Chen |first=Nancy N. | year=2003|date= |title= Breathing spaces: qigong, psychiatry, and healing in China |publisher= Columbia University Press |isbn=0-231-12804-5 | chapter=Chapter 4. Qiqong Deviation or Psychosis | pages = 77–107| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Q5-Gk8jBCUUC&lpg=PP1&dq=Breathing%20spaces%3A%20qigong%2C%20psychiatry%2C%20and%20healing%20in%20China.%20Columbia%20University%20Press&pg=PA77#v=onepageq=Breathing%20spaces:%20qigong,%20psychiatry,%20and%20healing%20in%20China.%20Columbia%20University%20Press&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last= Palmer |first= David A. | year=2007|date= |title= Qigong fever: body, science, and utopia in China | publisher= Columbia University Press | isbn=0-231-14066-5 | chapter= Chapter 6. Controversy and Crisis
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| | pages = 158–170 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last1 = Ownby | first1 = David | title = Falun Gong and the future of China | year = 2008 | publisher = Oxford University Press | location = Oxford | isbn = 978-0-19-532905-6 | pages = 181–186 }}</ref>
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| ==See also==
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| *[[ICD|International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems]] (ICD) of the [[World Health Organization]]
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| *[[Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders]] (DSM) of the [[American Psychiatric Association]]
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| *[[DSM-IV Codes]]
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| *[[Political abuse of psychiatry in China]]
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| == References ==
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| {{reflist}}
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| *{{cite journal |doi=10.1159/000065140 |author=Chen YF |title=Chinese classification of mental disorders (CCMD-3): towards integration in international classification |journal=Psychopathology |volume=35 |issue=2–3 |pages=171–5 |year=2002 |pmid=12145505 |url=http://content.karger.com/produktedb/produkte.asp?typ=fulltext&file=psp35171}}
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| *{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/S0193-953X(05)70238-0 |author=Lee S |title=From diversity to unity. The classification of mental disorders in 21st-century China |journal=Psychiatr. Clin. North Am. |volume=24 |issue=3 |pages=421–31 |date=September 2001 |pmid=11593854 }}
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| *{{cite journal |doi=10.1176/appi.ajp.158.6.857 |vauthors=Parker G, Gladstone G, Chee KT |title=Depression in the planet's largest ethnic group: the Chinese |journal=Am J Psychiatry |volume=158 |issue=6 |pages=857–64 |date=June 2001 |pmid=11384889 |url=http://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/content/full/158/6/857}}
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| *{{cite journal |vauthors=Zhong J, Leung F |title=Should borderline personality disorder be included in the fourth edition of the Chinese classification of mental disorders? |journal=Chin. Med. J. |volume=120 |issue=1 |pages=77–82 |date=January 2007 |pmid=17254494 |url=http://www.cmj.org/Periodical/LinkIn.asp?journal=Chinese%20Medical%20Journal&linkintype=pubmed&year=2007&vol=120&issue=1&beginpage=77 |access-date=2010-12-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003202546/http://www.cmj.org/Periodical/LinkIn.asp?journal=Chinese%20Medical%20Journal&linkintype=pubmed&year=2007&vol=120&issue=1&beginpage=77 |archive-date=2018-10-03 |url-status=dead }}
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| ==External links==
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| * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070311003703/http://www.21jk.com/english/articlecontent.asp?articleId=27391 CSP webpage about the CCMD]
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| [[Category:Psychiatric classification systems]]
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| [[Category:Healthcare in China]] | |
| [[Category:Medical manuals]] | |
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A classification system for mental disorders used in China
The Chinese Classification of Mental Disorders (CCMD) is a system used in the People's Republic of China for the diagnosis and classification of mental disorders. It is similar to the International Classification of Diseases (ICD) and the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) used internationally, but it includes cultural considerations specific to China.
History[edit]
The development of the CCMD began in the 1970s, with the first edition published in 1981. The second edition, CCMD-2, was released in 1989, and the third edition, CCMD-3, was published in 2001. Each edition has been developed to address the unique cultural and social context of China, while also aligning with international standards.
Structure[edit]
The CCMD is structured similarly to other classification systems, with disorders grouped into categories based on shared characteristics. It includes sections on mood disorders, anxiety disorders, psychotic disorders, and others. However, it also includes categories for disorders that are more prevalent or culturally specific to China, such as neurasthenia and koro.
Cultural Considerations[edit]
One of the key features of the CCMD is its inclusion of disorders that are culturally specific to China. For example, neurasthenia is a condition characterized by fatigue, headache, and irritability, which is recognized in the CCMD but not in the DSM. Similarly, koro is a culture-bound syndrome involving the fear of genital retraction, which is included in the CCMD.
Comparison with Other Systems[edit]
While the CCMD shares many similarities with the ICD and DSM, it also has notable differences. The inclusion of culture-bound syndromes is one such difference. Additionally, the CCMD may use different criteria for diagnosis, reflecting the cultural and social context of China.
Use in Clinical Practice[edit]
The CCMD is widely used in clinical practice in China, providing a framework for the diagnosis and treatment of mental disorders. It is used by psychiatrists, psychologists, and other mental health professionals in hospitals and clinics across the country.
Future Developments[edit]
As mental health care continues to evolve in China, the CCMD is likely to undergo further revisions. Future editions may incorporate new research findings and continue to align with international standards while maintaining cultural relevance.
Related Pages[edit]
