Flammer syndrome

Flammer Syndrome is a phenotype characterized by a predisposition to an altered reaction to various stimuli, primarily cold and emotional stress. The syndrome was first described by Josef Flammer, a Swiss ophthalmologist, and hence the name.

Symptoms

The symptoms of Flammer Syndrome are diverse and can affect various systems of the body. The most common symptoms include cold hands and feet, low blood pressure, and a propensity for normal tension glaucoma. Other symptoms can include migraines, altered drug sensitivity, and a tendency towards Raynaud's phenomenon.

Causes

The exact cause of Flammer Syndrome is unknown. However, it is believed to be related to an overreaction of the body's autonomic nervous system, particularly the part that controls the blood vessels' response to stimuli such as cold and stress.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of Flammer Syndrome is primarily based on the patient's symptoms and medical history. There are no specific tests for the syndrome, but certain findings on ophthalmologic examination, such as an increased retinal venous pressure, can support the diagnosis.

Treatment

There is no specific treatment for Flammer Syndrome. Management primarily involves addressing the individual symptoms and avoiding triggers. For example, keeping warm can help prevent symptoms related to cold, and stress management techniques can help control symptoms related to emotional stress.

Prognosis

The prognosis for individuals with Flammer Syndrome is generally good. The syndrome does not typically affect life expectancy, but it can significantly impact quality of life due to the various symptoms.

See Also

• Autonomic nervous system
• Glaucoma
• Raynaud's phenomenon

References

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