Vitamin D deficiency

Vitamin D deficiency, also referred to as hypovitaminosis D, is a state of insufficient levels of vitamin D in the body. Predominantly caused by inadequate sunlight exposure (especially sunlight with sufficient ultraviolet B rays (UVB)), dietary deficiency of vitamin D, conditions limiting vitamin D absorption, or those impairing the conversion of vitamin D into active metabolites, this deficiency can lead to bone health issues and other complications.

Causes and Risk Factors

• Sunlight Exposure: Sunlight, especially UVB radiation, catalyzes the formation of vitamin D in the skin. Hence, individuals with limited sunlight exposure, such as those living at higher latitudes, working night shifts, or covering their skin for cultural or religious reasons, are at an increased risk of deficiency.
• Diet: Inadequate dietary intake of vitamin D-rich foods (like fatty fish, cheese, and egg yolks) can also lead to deficiency.
• Malabsorption: Certain conditions like celiac disease, cystic fibrosis, and inflammatory bowel disease can inhibit the absorption of fat-soluble vitamin D from the diet, contributing to the deficiency.
• Impaired Conversion: Liver or kidney disorders, or certain genetic conditions, can affect the conversion of vitamin D into its active form.

Clinical Manifestations

The most recognized clinical manifestations of vitamin D deficiency involve bone health:

• Children: In children, vitamin D deficiency can lead to rickets, a condition characterized by bone-softening, leading to deformities and growth retardation.
• Adults: In adults, vitamin D deficiency can lead to osteomalacia, a condition characterized by softening of the bones, causing bone pain and muscle weakness. This deficiency may also exacerbate osteoporosis, leading to an increased risk of fractures.

Diagnosis and Treatment

Diagnosis of vitamin D deficiency is typically made via a blood test measuring 25-hydroxyvitamin D, the major circulating form of vitamin D. Treatment involves increased sunlight exposure, dietary modifications, and supplementation with vitamin D2 or D3. The optimal dosing and duration of supplementation can vary based on individual factors, including age, baseline vitamin D status, and specific health conditions.

See also

• Vitamin D
• Rickets
• Osteomalacia
• Osteoporosis

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