Suffering

Suffering is the basic element that makes up the negative aspect of sentient life. It is often categorized into physical or mental. It is associated with pain and unhappiness, but these are unique and separate entities, each one being a component of suffering.

Physical suffering

Physical suffering can often be identified with pain, but it is not always the case. For instance, one can suffer without being in pain, such as when experiencing the emotion of grief after a loss. Physical suffering can be due to biological pain, lack of basic necessities, or a loss of pleasure (eudaimonia).

Mental suffering

Mental suffering is an aspect of consciousness and a universal human capability. It can be considered as a negative basic feeling, such as when a loved one dies. Mental suffering can lead to depression, anxiety, frustration, despair, disappointment, and other negative feelings.

Causes of suffering

Suffering can be due to a variety of causes. It can be due to physical pain, mental pain, or a combination of both. It can also be due to the absence of pleasure, or the loss of pleasure. The causes of suffering can be divided into two main categories: those due to nature, and those due to humans.

Responses to suffering

There are various responses to suffering. These can include avoidance, denial, acceptance, patience, pity, compassion, indifference, depression, anger, sadness, and happiness. These responses can be healthy or unhealthy, depending on the individual and the situation.

See also

• Pain
• Grief
• Depression
• Anxiety
• Despair
• Disappointment

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