Smith-Kingsmore syndrome

Smith-Kingsmore Syndrome

Smith-Kingsmore syndrome (SKS) is a rare genetic disorder characterized by a combination of intellectual disability, macrocephaly (an abnormally large head), and other neurological and physical abnormalities. It is caused by mutations in the MTOR gene, which plays a crucial role in cell growth and metabolism.

Signs and Symptoms

Individuals with Smith-Kingsmore syndrome may exhibit a variety of symptoms, including:

• Intellectual Disability: Ranging from mild to severe.
• Macrocephaly: An enlarged head circumference, often noticeable at birth or in early childhood.
• Seizures: Epileptic seizures are common and can vary in type and severity.
• Developmental Delay: Delays in reaching developmental milestones such as walking and talking.
• Behavioral Issues: Including autism spectrum disorder-like behaviors.
• Facial Dysmorphism: Subtle facial features that may include a broad forehead, wide-set eyes, and a prominent chin.

Genetics

Smith-Kingsmore syndrome is caused by mutations in the MTOR gene, which is located on chromosome 1. The MTOR gene encodes a protein that is part of the mTOR pathway, a critical regulator of cell growth, proliferation, and survival. Mutations in this gene lead to dysregulation of the mTOR pathway, contributing to the symptoms of SKS.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of Smith-Kingsmore syndrome is based on clinical evaluation, genetic testing, and the identification of mutations in the MTOR gene. Genetic testing can confirm the diagnosis by detecting pathogenic variants in the gene.

Treatment

There is currently no cure for Smith-Kingsmore syndrome. Treatment is symptomatic and supportive, focusing on managing seizures, developmental delays, and other associated symptoms. Interventions may include:

• Antiepileptic Drugs: To control seizures.
• Physical Therapy: To improve motor skills and coordination.
• Speech Therapy: To assist with communication difficulties.
• Behavioral Therapy: To address behavioral issues and improve social skills.

Research and Future Directions

Research into Smith-Kingsmore syndrome is ongoing, with studies focusing on understanding the role of the mTOR pathway in the disease and exploring potential targeted therapies. Advances in genetic research and personalized medicine hold promise for future treatment options.

See Also

• MTOR
• Macrocephaly
• Intellectual Disability

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NIH genetic and rare disease info

• NIH info on Smith-Kingsmore syndrome

Smith-Kingsmore syndrome is a rare disease.

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  Diagram showing autosomal dominant inheritance pattern
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  Smith-Kingsmore syndrome