Phlegm, also known as [[sputum]], is a form of mucus that is typically produced by the mucous membranes of the [[respiratory tract]]. This substance, largely secreted by the [[goblet cells]] and submucosal glands, is essential for the human body's immune defense, effectively trapping potentially harmful particles such as [[dust]], [[bacteria]], and [[viruses]], thereby preventing them from reaching the [[lungs]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Kesimer|first=Mehmet|title=Characterization of exosome-like vesicles released from human tracheobronchial ciliated epithelium: a possible role in innate defense|journal=FASEB Journal|year=2009|volume=23|issue=6|pages=1858-1868|doi=10.1096/fj.08-119131}}</ref>
{{Short description|A detailed overview of phlegm in the human body}}
==Role and Function of Phlegm==
==Phlegm==
[[File:Phlegm.jpg|thumb|right|Phlegm is a type of mucus produced in the respiratory system.]]
Phlegm is a type of [[mucus]] that is produced by the [[respiratory system]], particularly in the [[trachea]] and [[bronchi]]. It is a thick, viscous substance that plays a crucial role in trapping and expelling foreign particles and microorganisms from the respiratory tract.
Phlegm serves to moisten and safeguard the airways, reducing friction and potential damage as air travels to and from the lungs. Additionally, the sticky nature of phlegm allows it to capture foreign particles, such as [[allergens]], bacterial and viral pathogens, blocking their passage further into the respiratory system. This vital function underscores phlegm's role in the body's [[immune response]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Jani|first=Alkesh|title=Respiratory Physiology|year=2020|publisher=Springer|isbn=9783030486231}}</ref>
==Composition==
Phlegm is composed of water, glycoproteins, immunoglobulins, lipids, and other substances. The primary glycoproteins in phlegm are [[mucins]], which give it its viscous and sticky properties. These properties are essential for trapping dust, bacteria, and other particles inhaled into the respiratory system.
==Clinical Significance==
==Function==
The main function of phlegm is to protect the respiratory system by trapping foreign particles and microorganisms. It also contains [[antibodies]] and [[enzymes]] that help neutralize pathogens. The cilia lining the respiratory tract move the phlegm upwards towards the [[pharynx]], where it can be swallowed or expectorated.
The characteristics and production of phlegm can alter due to various respiratory diseases. Noteworthy changes, including increased phlegm volume, alterations in its consistency or color, or the presence of [[blood]], may signal an underlying condition, such as a lung infection or [[chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)]]. Hence, phlegm can be a valuable diagnostic marker in clinical settings.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Balbi|first=Bruno|title=Sputum analysis, bronchoalveolar lavage, exhaled breath condensate, and more|journal=Respiratory Medicine|year=2007|volume=101|issue=4|pages=652-662|doi=10.1016/j.rmed.2006.11.008}}</ref>
==Production==
Phlegm production can increase in response to [[infection]], [[allergy|allergic reactions]], or [[irritation]] of the respiratory tract. Conditions such as [[bronchitis]], [[pneumonia]], and [[chronic obstructive pulmonary disease]] (COPD) are associated with increased phlegm production.
==Diagnostic and Therapeutic Considerations==
==Color and Consistency==
The color and consistency of phlegm can vary depending on the underlying condition. Clear phlegm is typically normal, while yellow or green phlegm may indicate a bacterial infection. Thick, white phlegm can be a sign of viral infection or chronic respiratory conditions.
In medical practice, the analysis of phlegm, referred to as sputum analysis, can provide critical information regarding a patient's respiratory health. This evaluation may encompass visual inspection, microscopic examination for cell or organism identification, and culture procedures to detect specific pathogens.<ref>{{cite book|last=Bartlett|first=John G.|title=Diagnostic Tests for Infectious Diseases|year=2021|publisher=Wiley|isbn=9781119693920}}</ref>
==Management==
Management of excessive phlegm production involves treating the underlying cause. This may include the use of [[antibiotics]] for bacterial infections, [[antihistamines]] for allergies, or [[bronchodilators]] for conditions like asthma and COPD. Staying hydrated and using humidifiers can also help thin the phlegm, making it easier to expel.
On the therapeutic front, certain treatments like [[mucolytics]] can help to dilute and loosen phlegm, facilitating its expulsion via coughing. This strategy is especially beneficial in conditions where there's excessive phlegm production or the mucus is abnormally thick, such as in [[cystic fibrosis]] or [[chronic bronchitis]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Zanasi|first=Alessandro|title=A reappraisal of the mucoactive activity and clinical efficacy of bromhexine|journal=Multidisciplinary Respiratory Medicine|year=2017|volume=12|issue=1|pages=7|doi=10.1186/s40248-017-0088-1}}</ref>
==Related pages==
* [[Mucus]]
* [[Respiratory system]]
* [[Bronchitis]]
* [[Pneumonia]]
* [[Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease]]
==Pathological Changes in Phlegm==
Under normal circumstances, phlegm is clear and of a slimy consistency. However, changes in its color and consistency can indicate a pathology. For instance, green or yellow phlegm could suggest a bacterial infection, while brown or grey phlegm could be a sign of smoking or air pollution exposure. Phlegm containing blood, known as [[hemoptysis]], could indicate serious conditions such as [[tuberculosis]], lung cancer, or pulmonary embolism.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Melbye|first=Hasse|title=Diagnosis of pneumonia in adults in general practice. Relative importance of typical symptoms and abnormal chest signs evaluated against a radiographic reference standard|journal=Scandinavian Journal of Primary Health Care|year=1992|volume=10|issue=3|pages=226-233|doi=10.3109/02813439209014079}}</ref>
==Management of Excessive Phlegm==
In conditions where phlegm production is excessive, chest physiotherapy techniques, such as [[postural drainage]] and [[percussion (medicine)|chest percussion]], can assist in mobilizing the phlegm from the lungs, making it easier to cough up.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Button|first=Brendan M.|title=Chest physiotherapy in patients with cystic fibrosis: A systematic review|journal=Chest|year=2003|volume=123|issue=6|pages=2060-2068|doi=10.1378/chest.123.6.2060}}</ref> Hydration and humidifying the air can also help by thinning the mucus.
==Prevention and Control of Phlegm-Related Diseases==
Maintaining good respiratory hygiene practices can prevent many diseases associated with abnormal phlegm production. This includes avoiding smoking and exposure to air pollution, maintaining good indoor air quality, and avoiding allergens if allergic. Vaccinations also play a crucial role in preventing respiratory infections that can lead to increased phlegm production.<ref>{{cite book|last=Seaton|first=A.|title=Crofton and Douglas's Respiratory Diseases|year=2008|publisher=Blackwell Publishing|isbn=9780470755281|edition=5th}}</ref>
==Summary==
Phlegm, while often overlooked, plays a significant role in maintaining respiratory health. An understanding of its normal and pathological variations is crucial for healthcare practitioners, particularly in respiratory medicine. Future research continues to explore new therapeutic targets and strategies for managing diseases associated with abnormal phlegm production.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Rubin|first=Bruce K.|title=Mucus structure and properties in cystic fibrosis|journal=Paediatric Respiratory Reviews|year=2007|volume=8|issue=1|pages=4-7|doi=10.1016/j.prrv.2007.01.006}}</ref>
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[[Category:Respiratory system]]
[[Category:Respiratory system]]
[[Category:Body fluids]]
[[Category:Medical symptoms]]
[[Category:Respiratory physiology]]
[[Category:Symptoms and signs: Respiratory system]]
File:Phlegm.jpgPhlegm is a type of mucus produced in the respiratory system.
Phlegm is a type of mucus that is produced by the respiratory system, particularly in the trachea and bronchi. It is a thick, viscous substance that plays a crucial role in trapping and expelling foreign particles and microorganisms from the respiratory tract.
Phlegm is composed of water, glycoproteins, immunoglobulins, lipids, and other substances. The primary glycoproteins in phlegm are mucins, which give it its viscous and sticky properties. These properties are essential for trapping dust, bacteria, and other particles inhaled into the respiratory system.
The main function of phlegm is to protect the respiratory system by trapping foreign particles and microorganisms. It also contains antibodies and enzymes that help neutralize pathogens. The cilia lining the respiratory tract move the phlegm upwards towards the pharynx, where it can be swallowed or expectorated.
The color and consistency of phlegm can vary depending on the underlying condition. Clear phlegm is typically normal, while yellow or green phlegm may indicate a bacterial infection. Thick, white phlegm can be a sign of viral infection or chronic respiratory conditions.
Management of excessive phlegm production involves treating the underlying cause. This may include the use of antibiotics for bacterial infections, antihistamines for allergies, or bronchodilators for conditions like asthma and COPD. Staying hydrated and using humidifiers can also help thin the phlegm, making it easier to expel.
