Penbutolol: Difference between revisions

Latest revision as of 03:31, 13 February 2025

Penbutolol[edit]

Penbutolol is a non-selective beta blocker used in the management of hypertension and angina pectoris. It is known for its ability to reduce blood pressure and heart rate by blocking the action of epinephrine and norepinephrine on beta-adrenergic receptors.

Pharmacology[edit]

Penbutolol is a beta-adrenergic antagonist that exhibits partial agonist activity. This means that while it primarily acts as a blocker, it can also slightly stimulate beta receptors, which can be beneficial in certain clinical situations. The drug is lipophilic, allowing it to cross the blood-brain barrier, which may contribute to its central nervous system effects.

Mechanism of Action[edit]

Penbutolol works by blocking beta-1 and beta-2 adrenergic receptors. By inhibiting these receptors, it decreases the effects of sympathetic nervous system stimulation, leading to a reduction in heart rate, cardiac output, and blood pressure. This makes it effective in treating conditions like hypertension and angina.

Clinical Uses[edit]

Penbutolol is primarily used for:

Hypertension: It helps in lowering high blood pressure, reducing the risk of stroke and myocardial infarction.
Angina pectoris: It alleviates chest pain by reducing the heart's demand for oxygen.

Side Effects[edit]

Common side effects of penbutolol include:

Less common but serious side effects can include:

Contraindications[edit]

Penbutolol should not be used in patients with:

Asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
Severe bradycardia
Heart block

Administration[edit]

Penbutolol is administered orally, typically once daily. The dosage may vary based on the patient's condition and response to the medication.

Related pages[edit]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-{{intro}}
+== Penbutolol ==
-Penbutolol is a nonselective beta-adrenergic receptor blocker (beta-blocker) used for the therapy of [[hypertension]].
-{{livtox}}
+[[File:Penbutolol.svg|thumb|right|Chemical structure of Penbutolol]]
-Penbutolol has yet to be convincingly associated with clinically apparent liver injury.
-{{moa}}
+'''Penbutolol''' is a non-selective [[beta blocker]] used in the management of [[hypertension]] and [[angina pectoris]]. It is known for its ability to reduce [[blood pressure]] and [[heart rate]] by blocking the action of [[epinephrine]] and [[norepinephrine]] on beta-adrenergic receptors.
-Penbutolol (pen bue' toe lol) is a nonselective beta-blocker, acting on both beta-1 and beta-2 adrenergic receptors. Beta-1 adrenergic blockade reduces the heart rate and myocardial contractility by slowing the AV conduction and suppressing automaticity. Beta-2 blockade affects peripheral vascular resistance and can cause bronchospasm and hypoglycemia. Penbutolol also has mild sympatheticomimetic activity acting as a partial beta-adrenergic receptor agonist.
-{{fda}}
+=== Pharmacology ===
-Penbutolol is indicated for the management of [[hypertension]] and was approved for use in the United States in 1987. Penbutolol is available in tablets of 20 mg under the trade name Levatol.
+Penbutolol is a [[beta-adrenergic antagonist]] that exhibits partial agonist activity. This means that while it primarily acts as a blocker, it can also slightly stimulate beta receptors, which can be beneficial in certain clinical situations. The drug is lipophilic, allowing it to cross the [[blood-brain barrier]], which may contribute to its central nervous system effects.
-{{dose}}
+=== Mechanism of Action ===
-The typical initial oral dose of penbutolol in adults is 20 mg once daily, with subsequent dose modification based upon clinical response and tolerance, the average total daily maintenance dose being 20 to 60 mg.
+Penbutolol works by blocking beta-1 and beta-2 adrenergic receptors. By inhibiting these receptors, it decreases the effects of sympathetic nervous system stimulation, leading to a reduction in heart rate, cardiac output, and blood pressure. This makes it effective in treating conditions like hypertension and angina.
-{{se}}
+=== Clinical Uses ===
-Common side effects of penbutolol include [[bradycardia]], hypotension, [[fatigue]], [[dizziness]], [[depression]], memory loss, [[incontinence]], cold limbs and, less commonly, severe hypotension, [[heart failure]] and bronchospasm. Sudden withdrawal can trigger rebound [[hypertension]]. Beta-blockers are contraindicated in patients with asthma, [[bradycardia]] and [[heart failure]] and should be used cautiously in the elderly and in patients with diabetes.
+Penbutolol is primarily used for:
+* [[Hypertension]]: It helps in lowering high blood pressure, reducing the risk of [[stroke]] and [[myocardial infarction]].
+* [[Angina pectoris]]: It alleviates chest pain by reducing the heart's demand for oxygen.
-{{beta blockers}}
+=== Side Effects ===
-{{antihypertensives}}
+Common side effects of penbutolol include:
-{{coststubd}}
+* [[Fatigue]]
+* [[Dizziness]]
+* [[Nausea]]
+* [[Bradycardia]]
+Less common but serious side effects can include:
+* [[Bronchospasm]]
+* [[Heart failure]]
+* [[Depression]]
+=== Contraindications ===
+Penbutolol should not be used in patients with:
+* [[Asthma]] or [[chronic obstructive pulmonary disease]] (COPD)
+* [[Severe bradycardia]]
+* [[Heart block]]
+=== Administration ===
+Penbutolol is administered orally, typically once daily. The dosage may vary based on the patient's condition and response to the medication.
+== Related pages ==
+* [[Beta blocker]]
+* [[Hypertension]]
+* [[Angina pectoris]]
+* [[Adrenergic receptor]]
+[[Category:Beta blockers]]
+[[Category:Antihypertensive agents]]