Artery of Percheron: Difference between revisions

Revision as of 19:32, 11 February 2025

An antibiotic used in veterinary medicine

Apramycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic primarily used in veterinary medicine. It is effective against a range of Gram-negative bacteria and some Gram-positive bacteria. Apramycin is particularly used in the treatment of infections in livestock such as cattle, pigs, and poultry.

Structure and Mechanism of Action

Apramycin is a member of the aminoglycoside class of antibiotics, which are known for their ability to inhibit bacterial protein synthesis. The structure of apramycin includes a unique bicyclic sugar moiety that distinguishes it from other aminoglycosides. This structure allows apramycin to bind to the bacterial ribosome, specifically the 30S subunit, thereby interfering with the translation process and ultimately leading to bacterial cell death.

Spectrum of Activity

Apramycin is effective against a variety of Gram-negative bacteria, including species of the genera Escherichia, Salmonella, and Klebsiella. It also shows activity against some Gram-positive bacteria, although its primary use is against Gram-negative pathogens. The antibiotic is particularly useful in treating infections caused by bacteria that are resistant to other aminoglycosides.

Clinical Use in Veterinary Medicine

In veterinary practice, apramycin is used to treat bacterial infections in animals such as pigs, cattle, and poultry. It is often administered orally or via injection, depending on the species and the specific infection being treated. Apramycin is used to manage conditions such as colibacillosis in pigs and poultry, and bacterial enteritis in calves.

Resistance

Bacterial resistance to apramycin can occur, as with other antibiotics. Resistance mechanisms include the modification of the antibiotic target site, enzymatic inactivation of the drug, and efflux pump mechanisms that expel the antibiotic from the bacterial cell. The use of apramycin is carefully regulated to minimize the development of resistance.

Safety and Side Effects

Apramycin is generally well-tolerated in animals, but like all aminoglycosides, it can have nephrotoxic and ototoxic effects, particularly with prolonged use or at high doses. Careful dosing and monitoring are essential to minimize these risks.

Regulation and Approval

Apramycin is approved for use in veterinary medicine in several countries, but its use is subject to strict regulations to ensure animal welfare and food safety. The withdrawal period for apramycin-treated animals must be observed to prevent antibiotic residues in meat and other animal products.

Related pages

Gallery

Chemical structure of Apramycin

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-'''Artery of Percheron''' is a rare anatomical variant of the [[brain]]'s blood supply, specifically the [[thalamus]]. It is a solitary arterial trunk that arises from one of the [[posterior cerebral arteries]], typically the right one, and supplies both paramedian thalami and the rostral midbrain.
+{{Short description|An antibiotic used in veterinary medicine}}
+{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2023}}
-== Anatomy ==
+'''Apramycin''' is an [[aminoglycoside]] [[antibiotic]] primarily used in [[veterinary medicine]]. It is effective against a range of [[Gram-negative bacteria]] and some [[Gram-positive bacteria]]. Apramycin is particularly used in the treatment of infections in [[livestock]] such as [[cattle]], [[pigs]], and [[poultry]].
-The [[Artery of Percheron]] is a variant of the normal vascular supply to the thalamus. It is a solitary arterial trunk that arises from one of the [[posterior cerebral arteries]], typically the right one, and supplies both paramedian thalami and the rostral midbrain. This artery is present in approximately 12% of the population.
-== Clinical significance ==
+==Structure and Mechanism of Action==
-The occlusion of the artery of Percheron leads to a unique syndrome known as [[Percheron infarction]], characterized by bilateral thalamic and mesencephalic infarcts. Symptoms of this condition can include altered mental status, memory impairment, vertical gaze palsy, and other neurological deficits. Diagnosis is typically made through [[magnetic resonance imaging]] (MRI).
+Apramycin is a member of the aminoglycoside class of antibiotics, which are known for their ability to inhibit bacterial [[protein synthesis]]. The structure of apramycin includes a unique bicyclic sugar moiety that distinguishes it from other aminoglycosides. This structure allows apramycin to bind to the bacterial [[ribosome]], specifically the 30S subunit, thereby interfering with the translation process and ultimately leading to bacterial cell death.
-== History ==
+==Spectrum of Activity==
-The artery of Percheron was first described by the French neurologist Gérard Percheron in the 1970s. He identified this unique vascular variant during his studies of the thalamic vascularization.
+Apramycin is effective against a variety of Gram-negative bacteria, including species of the genera ''[[Escherichia]]'', ''[[Salmonella]]'', and ''[[Klebsiella]]''. It also shows activity against some Gram-positive bacteria, although its primary use is against Gram-negative pathogens. The antibiotic is particularly useful in treating infections caused by bacteria that are resistant to other aminoglycosides.
-== See also ==
+==Clinical Use in Veterinary Medicine==
-* [[Thalamus]]
+In veterinary practice, apramycin is used to treat bacterial infections in animals such as pigs, cattle, and poultry. It is often administered orally or via injection, depending on the species and the specific infection being treated. Apramycin is used to manage conditions such as [[colibacillosis]] in pigs and [[poultry]], and [[bacterial enteritis]] in calves.
-* [[Posterior cerebral artery]]
-* [[Percheron infarction]]
-== References ==
+==Resistance==
-<references />
+Bacterial resistance to apramycin can occur, as with other antibiotics. Resistance mechanisms include the modification of the antibiotic target site, enzymatic inactivation of the drug, and efflux pump mechanisms that expel the antibiotic from the bacterial cell. The use of apramycin is carefully regulated to minimize the development of resistance.
-[[Category:Anatomy]]
+==Safety and Side Effects==
-[[Category:Neurology]]
+Apramycin is generally well-tolerated in animals, but like all aminoglycosides, it can have nephrotoxic and ototoxic effects, particularly with prolonged use or at high doses. Careful dosing and monitoring are essential to minimize these risks.
-[[Category:Medical terminology]]
-{{anatomy-stub}}
+==Regulation and Approval==
+Apramycin is approved for use in veterinary medicine in several countries, but its use is subject to strict regulations to ensure animal welfare and food safety. The withdrawal period for apramycin-treated animals must be observed to prevent antibiotic residues in meat and other animal products.
+==Related pages==
+* [[Aminoglycoside]]
+* [[Antibiotic resistance]]
+* [[Veterinary medicine]]
+* [[Bacterial infection]]
+==Gallery==
+<gallery>
+File:Apramycin.svg|Chemical structure of Apramycin
+</gallery>
+[[Category:Aminoglycoside antibiotics]]
+[[Category:Veterinary drugs]]