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| [[File:Zinc-sample.jpg|thumb|Zinc sample]]
| | {{DISPLAYTITLE:Chelates in Animal Nutrition}} |
| {{see also|Animal food}} | | {{Infobox medical condition |
| == Chelates in Animal Food ==
| | | name = Chelates in Animal Nutrition |
| '''Chelates''' (che·late) [kee-leyt] within the context of animal nutrition refer to organic forms of essential [[trace minerals]] like [[copper]], [[iron]], [[manganese]], and [[zinc]]. These organic forms are favored in animal nutrition because they are more bioavailable; that is, they are absorbed, digested, and utilized more efficiently by animals compared to their inorganic counterparts.
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| | | field = [[Veterinary medicine]] |
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| == Advantages of Chelated Minerals == | | ==Introduction== |
| | Chelates are chemical compounds in which a metal ion is bonded to an organic molecule, forming a stable ring-like structure. In the context of [[animal nutrition]], chelates are used to enhance the bioavailability of essential [[minerals]] such as [[iron]], [[zinc]], [[copper]], and [[manganese]]. These minerals are crucial for various physiological functions, including [[enzyme]] activity, [[immune system]] function, and [[growth and development]]. |
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| * Enhanced Absorption: Chelated minerals are better absorbed in the digestive tract, which means animals require lower dietary concentrations.
| | ==Chemical Structure and Properties== |
| * Environmental Benefit: Due to their efficient absorption, animals excrete fewer chelates. This results in reduced mineral excretion and consequently, decreased environmental contamination.
| | Chelates are characterized by their ability to form multiple bonds with a single metal ion, creating a ring structure. This configuration stabilizes the metal ion and prevents it from reacting with other compounds in the [[gastrointestinal tract]]. Common chelating agents include [[amino acids]], [[proteins]], and [[organic acids]]. |
| * Health and Welfare: Providing animals with chelated minerals can lead to improved overall health, potentially reducing the incidence of diseases and enhancing animal welfare.
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| == Brief History of Chelates == | | ===Types of Chelates=== |
| {{see also|Minerals}}
| | * '''Amino Acid Chelates''': These are formed when a metal ion is bonded to an amino acid. For example, [[zinc methionine]] is a chelate of zinc and the amino acid methionine. |
| Animal feed supplementation with essential [[trace mineral]]s like copper (Cu), iron (Fe), [[iodine]] (I), manganese (Mn), [[molybdenum]] (Mo), [[selenium]] (Se), and zinc (Zn) began in earnest during the 1950s. Originally, inorganic salts were used for this purpose. However, as genetic enhancements in livestock became prevalent in the 1960s, there arose a heightened demand for these nutrients. To meet these evolving needs, [[chelated minerals]] were introduced in the 1980s and 1990s. Research has since established that chelated minerals are superior to inorganic ones in fulfilling the dietary requirements of contemporary [[farm animal]]s.<ref>McCartney, D.H. (2008). Chelated Minerals in Livestock Nutrition: An Overview. Journal of Animal Science and Nutrition, 46(3), 22-28.</ref>
| | * '''Proteinates''': These are complexes where the metal ion is bonded to a protein or peptide. |
| | * '''Organic Acid Chelates''': These involve metal ions bonded to organic acids such as [[citric acid]] or [[lactic acid]]. |
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| [[File:Cram Chelation Model.png|thumb|right|200px|Caption describing the image]]
| | ==Role in Animal Nutrition== |
| | Chelates play a significant role in improving the absorption and utilization of minerals in animals. The chelation process protects the metal ions from forming insoluble compounds in the digestive tract, which would otherwise be excreted without being absorbed. |
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| == Role and Source of Minerals == | | ===Benefits=== |
| | * '''Enhanced Bioavailability''': Chelates improve the bioavailability of minerals, ensuring that animals receive adequate nutrition. |
| | * '''Improved Growth and Performance''': Animals receiving chelated minerals often show better growth rates and feed efficiency. |
| | * '''Reduced Mineral Excretion''': By improving absorption, chelates reduce the amount of minerals excreted, minimizing environmental pollution. |
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| Trace minerals are paramount in staving off an array of [[deficiency disease]]s. They play vital roles in several [[Metabolism|metabolic processes]], predominantly acting as [[catalyst]]s for [[enzyme]]s and [[hormone]]s. This makes them indispensable for ensuring optimal health, growth, and productivity in animals. For instance:
| | ===Applications=== |
| | Chelates are used in the diets of various animals, including [[poultry]], [[swine]], [[cattle]], and [[aquaculture]]. They are particularly beneficial in intensive farming systems where nutrient requirements are high. |
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| * They aid in bone development, growth, and appetite regulation.
| | ==Mechanism of Action== |
| * They influence [[feather]] quality in avians and improve [[hoof]], [[skin]], and [[hair]] quality in mammals.
| | The mechanism by which chelates enhance mineral absorption involves several steps: |
| * They are crucial for enzyme structure and functionality.
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| From the 1950s to the 1990s, inorganic minerals were the primary source of trace mineral supplementation, successfully mitigating many deficiency-related ailments in farm animals. However, the transition to organic forms like chelates further improved animal health outcomes.
| | # '''Protection in the Stomach''': Chelates protect metal ions from forming insoluble precipitates in the acidic environment of the stomach. |
| | # '''Transport Across the Intestinal Wall''': The chelated minerals are more readily absorbed across the intestinal wall due to their stability and solubility. |
| | # '''Release and Utilization''': Once inside the body, the metal ions are released from the chelate and utilized in various metabolic processes. |
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| For instance, in [[dairy cattle]], the significance of minerals, particularly zinc, for fertility and disease prevention is evident. Organic forms of zinc are better retained in the body compared to inorganic forms. This has implications for preventing diseases like [[mastitis]] and [[Lameness (equine)|lameness]].
| | ==Potential Concerns== |
| | While chelates offer numerous benefits, there are potential concerns that need to be addressed: |
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| [[File:Chickens feeding.jpg|thumb|left|Poultry and nutrition]]
| | * '''Cost''': Chelated minerals are often more expensive than inorganic mineral sources. |
| | * '''Over-supplementation''': Excessive use of chelates can lead to mineral imbalances and toxicity. |
| | * '''Regulatory Issues''': The use of chelates in animal feed is subject to regulatory approval in many countries. |
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| ===Sources of essential minerals=== | | ==Conclusion== |
| In recent decades, global food animal production has intensified and genetic potential for growth and yields has improved. As a result commercial tendencies have been to increase trace [[Mineral supplements|mineral supplementation]],in order to allow for the greater mineral requirements of superior stock reared under industrial conditions. Increasing the concentration of inorganic minerals in animal diets has led to several problems.
| | Chelates are a valuable tool in animal nutrition, offering enhanced mineral bioavailability and improved animal performance. However, their use must be carefully managed to avoid potential drawbacks. |
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| The use of high Cu in [[swine]] and [[poultry]] rations has caused accidental Cu poisoning in more sensitive animals, such as [[sheep]] grazing pastures fertilised with pig or poultry [[manure]] SCAN (2003a) Opinion of the Scientific Committee for Animal Nutrition on the use of copper in feedingstuffs. Secondly, inorganic minerals may form insoluble complexes with other dietary agents resulting in low absorption. In addition, it is thought that the positive charge of many inorganic minerals reduces access to the [[enterocyte]]s due to repulsion by the negatively charged [[mucin]] layer and competition for binding sites.
| | ==See Also== |
| | | * [[Mineral metabolism]] |
| Finally, the poor retention and high [[excretion]] rates of inorganic minerals led to environmental concerns during the 1980s and 1990s, especially in [[Europe]] .Opinion of the Scientific Committee for Animal Nutrition on the use of zinc in feedingstuffs]. The [[European Union]] is concerned about possible detrimental effects of excess supplementation with trace minerals on the environment or human and animal health, and so in 2003 legislated a reduction in permitted feed concentrations of several [[trace metal]]s (Co, Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn).<ref>Commission Regulation (EC) No 1334/2003 of 25 July 2003 amending the conditions for authorisation of a number of additives in feedingstuffs belonging to the group of trace elements. 26.7.2003 EN Official Journal of the E.U.</ref>
| | * [[Trace elements in nutrition]] |
| | | * [[Veterinary nutrition]] |
| Research in trace element [[nutrition]] has led to the development of more bioavailable organic minerals, including trace minerals derived from chelates. Chelates allow a lower supplementation rate of trace minerals with an equivalent or improved effect on animal health, growth and productivity . Some samples of natural minerals at the Wikimedia Commons:
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| {{commons|Minerals|position=left}}
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| ==Particular types of Chelates == | |
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| ;They are in summary;
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| *[[Chelates]], are [[organic molecule]]s, normally consisting of 2 organic parts with an essential trace mineral occupying a central position and held in place by [[covalent bond]]ing. | |
| *Proteinate, are a particular type of chelate, in which the mineral is chelated with short-chain [[peptide]]s and [[amino acid]]s derived from [[Hydrolyzed protein|hydrolysed soy proteins]],.<ref>They containing in the order of 10-20% of the essential trace mineral</ref> In proteinates, minerals are bound to various amino acids with different levels of stability | |
| *Amino-acid complex, such as glycinates or methionates, are other particular types of chelate, in which the mineral is chelated with an amino acid. Based on one single type of amino-acid, the product is pure (there is only one type of bond or chelation between minerals and the ligand) and it is therefore easier to work on stability and ensure a full chelation. Moreover, depending on the size of amino acid, it is also possible to increase the metal content | |
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| == Research ==
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| [[File:Zinek.PNG|thumb|200px|Zinc sample]]
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| [[File:Oxid měďnatý.PNG|thumb|200px|Copper sample]]
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| Some notice concluded that the utilisation of organic Cu from a copper chelate or copper lysine were higher than that of inorganic Cu sulfate when fed to rats in the presence and absence of elemental Zn or Fe. The data suggest that, unlike inorganic Cu, organic Cu chelates exhibit absorption and excretion mechanisms that do not interfere with Fe. Copper chelate also achieved higher liver Zn, suggesting less interference at gut absorption sites in comparison with the other forms of Cu<ref>quote by Du et al.,1996</ref><ref>Z. Du, R.W. Hemken, J.A. Jackson and D.S. Trammell (1996) Utilization of copper in copper proteinate, copper lysine and cupric sulfate using the rat as an experimental model.Journal of animal science</ref>
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| Effect of organic zinc sources on performance, zinc status and carcass, meat and claw quality in fattening bulls. Livestock Prod.<ref>Sci. 81:161-171.</ref> compared a Zn chelate, a Zn [[polysaccharide]] complex and ZnO (inorganic [[zinc oxide]]) in bull [[beef cattle]], and concluded that the organic forms resulted in some improvement in hoof claw quality.
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| Compared the [[bioavailability]] of Cu and Zn chelates in sheep with the inorganic sulfate forms, at "low" and "high" supplementation rates. Copper and Zn chelates at the lower rates caused significantly greater increases in [[blood plasma]] concentrations than the corresponding treatments with Zn sulfate (p<0.05) and Cu sulfate (p<0.01).
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| In addition, Zinc chelate supplementation resulted in significantly greater hoof horn Zn content than did Zn sulfate (p<0.05). At the "low" supplementation rate Zinc chelate achieved better hoof quality than Zn sulfate (p<0.05). The data suggest that Cu and Zn chelates are more readily absorbed and more easily deposited in key tissues such as hooves, in comparison with inorganic Zn forms.<ref>J. P. Ryan, P. Kearns and T. Quinn (2002) Bioavailability of dietary copper and zinc in adult Texel sheep: A comparative study of the effects of sulfate and Bioplex supplementation. Irish Veterinary Journal</ref>
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| In weaned piglets evaluated various supplementation rates of organic Zn in the form of a chelate or as a polysaccharide complex and compared these with ZnO, zinc oxide, at 2,000 ppm. Feeding lower concentrations of organic Zn greatly decreased the amount of Zn excreted in comparison with inorganic Zn, without loss of growth performance.<ref>M.S. Carlson, C.A. Boren, C.Wu, C.E. Huntington, D.W. Bollinger and T.L. Veum (2004) Evaluation of various inclusion rates of organic zinc either as polysaccharide or proteinate complex on the growth performance, plasma and excretion of nursery pigs. J. Anim. Science</ref>
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| Studied a Copper chelate in weaned pigs in comparison with inorganic Cu and sulfate. Piglet performance was consistently better with organic Cu at 50 to 100 ppm, in comparison with inorganic Cu at 250 ppm. In addition, organic Cu increased Cu absorption and retention, and decreased Cu excretion 77% and 61% respectively, compared with 250 ppm inorganic Cu<ref>T.L. Veum, M.S. Carlson, C.W. Wu, D.W. Bollinger and M.R. Ellersieck (2004) Copper proteinate in weanling pig diets for enhancing growth performance and reducing fecal copper excretion compared with copper sulfate. J. Anim. Sci</ref>
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| [[File:Hořčík2.PNG|thumb|200px|Magnesium sample]]
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| The effects of an Mg chelate in broiler chickens in comparison with [[magnesium oxide]] and an unsupplemented control group. Diets for fattening [[chicken]] are not normally supplemented with Mg, but this study indicated positive effects on performance and meat quality. During the first 3 weeks of life, the Mg chelate improved feed efficiency significantly in comparison with both the inorganic MgO and the negative control group (p<0.05). Thigh meat pH and oxidative deterioration during storage were also studied. The Mg chelate increased thigh meat pH in comparison with the negative control (p<0.05). Mg supplementation significantly reduced chemical indicators (TBARS) of oxidative deterioration in [[liver]] and thigh [[muscle]] (p<0.01), with Mg chelate significantly more efficient than MgO (p<0.01). The data suggest that organic Mg in the form of a chelate is capable of reducing [[oxidation]], and so improve chicken meat quality<ref>Y. Guo,Zhang,Yuan and W. Nie.et al.,2003,Effects of source and level of magnesium and Vitamin E on prevention of hepatic peroxidation and oxidative deterioration of broiler meat., Sci.Tech.</ref>
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| A Zn chelate supplement was compared with Zn sulfate in broiler chickens.Weight gain and feed intake increased quadratically (p<0.05) with increasing Zn concentrations from the chelate and linearly with Zn sulfate. The relative bioavailability of the Zn chelate was 183% and 157% of Zn sulfate for weight gain and [[tibia]] Zn, respectively. The authors concluded that the supplemental concentration of Zn required in corn-soy diets for broilers from 1–21 days of age would be 9.8 mg/kg diet as Zn chelate and 20.1 mg/kg diet as Zn sulfate,respectively.<ref>T. Ao, J.L. Pierce, R. Power, K.A. Dawson, A.J. Pescatore, A.H. Cantor and M.J. Ford (2006) Investigation of relative bioavailability value and requirement of organic zinc for chicks. J. Poultry. Sci</ref>
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| The effect of replacing inorganic minerals with organic minerals in broiler chickens. One group of chickens received inorganic sulfates of Cu (12 ppm), Fe (45 ppm), Mn (70 ppm) and Zn (37 ppm) and their performance was compared to a similar group supplemented with chelates of Cu (2.5 ppm), Fe, Mn, and Zn (all at 10 ppm).
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| There were no differences in performance between the birds fed the high inorganic minerals and the birds fed the low organic chelates. Faecal concentrations of Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn were 55%, 73%, 46% and 63%, respectively, of control birds fed inorganic minerals.<ref>quote by Nollet et al.2007</ref>
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| A broiler study reported also compared inorganic and organic mineral supplementation in broiler chickens. Control birds were fed Cu, Fe, Mn Se and Zn in inorganic forms (15 ppm Cu 15 from sulfate; 60 ppm Fe from sulfate etc.),and compared with three treatment groups supplemented with organic forms. Apart from improved feathering, most likely associated with the presence of organic Se, there were no significant performance differences between birds fed inorganic and organic minerals. The authors concluded that the use of organic trace minerals permits a reduction of at least 33% in supplement rates in comparison with inorganic minerals, without compromising performance.<ref>by Peric et al.2007</ref>
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| == Conclusion ==
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| The introduction and subsequent popularization of chelated minerals in animal feed have paved the way for better livestock health, more sustainable farming practices, and reduced environmental impact. As research continues, it's anticipated that the application of chelated minerals will further expand, offering even more benefits for both livestock and the environment.
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| ==References== | | ==References== |
| <small>
| | * Underwood, E. J., & Suttle, N. F. (1999). ''The Mineral Nutrition of Livestock''. CABI Publishing. |
| <references/>
| | * Spears, J. W. (1996). Organic trace minerals in ruminant nutrition. ''Animal Feed Science and Technology'', 58(1-2), 151-163. |
| </small>
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| ;topics of the works
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| <small>
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| * SCAN (2003a) Opinion of the Scientific Committee for Animal Nutrition on the use of copper in feedingstuffs. | |
| * SCAN (2003b),Opinion of the Scientific Committee for Animal Nutrition on the use of zinc in feedingstuffs.
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| * Commission Regulation (EC) No 1334/2003 of 25 July 2003 amending the conditions for authorisation of a number of additives in feedingstuffs belonging to the group of trace elements. 26.7.2003 EN Official Journal of the European Union .
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| *E. McCartney (2008) Trace minerals in poultry nutrition–sourcing safe minerals, organically? World Poultry | |
| * D. Wilde (2006). Influence of macro and micro minerals in the peri-parturient period on fertility in dairy cattle. Animal Reproduction.
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| </small>
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| ==External links== | | ==External Links== |
| *[http://ec.europa.eu/food/fs/sc/scan/index_en.html europa.eu] | | * [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1234567/ Chelates in Animal Nutrition - NCBI] |
| *[http://ec.europa.eu/food/fs/sc/scan/index_en.html europa food]
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| *[http://www.worldpoultry.net poultry.net]
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| *[http://eur-lex.europa.eu/en/index.htm eur-lex europa]
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| {{DEFAULTSORT:Chelates In Animal Nutrition}}
| | [[Category:Veterinary medicine]] |
| [[Category:Nutrition]] | | [[Category:Animal nutrition]] |
| [[Category:Animal testing]]{{food}} {{adapted}} | | [[Category:Mineral metabolism]] |
| Chelates in Animal Nutrition
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Introduction
Chelates are chemical compounds in which a metal ion is bonded to an organic molecule, forming a stable ring-like structure. In the context of animal nutrition, chelates are used to enhance the bioavailability of essential minerals such as iron, zinc, copper, and manganese. These minerals are crucial for various physiological functions, including enzyme activity, immune system function, and growth and development.
Chemical Structure and Properties
Chelates are characterized by their ability to form multiple bonds with a single metal ion, creating a ring structure. This configuration stabilizes the metal ion and prevents it from reacting with other compounds in the gastrointestinal tract. Common chelating agents include amino acids, proteins, and organic acids.
Types of Chelates
- Amino Acid Chelates: These are formed when a metal ion is bonded to an amino acid. For example, zinc methionine is a chelate of zinc and the amino acid methionine.
- Proteinates: These are complexes where the metal ion is bonded to a protein or peptide.
- Organic Acid Chelates: These involve metal ions bonded to organic acids such as citric acid or lactic acid.
Role in Animal Nutrition
Chelates play a significant role in improving the absorption and utilization of minerals in animals. The chelation process protects the metal ions from forming insoluble compounds in the digestive tract, which would otherwise be excreted without being absorbed.
Benefits
- Enhanced Bioavailability: Chelates improve the bioavailability of minerals, ensuring that animals receive adequate nutrition.
- Improved Growth and Performance: Animals receiving chelated minerals often show better growth rates and feed efficiency.
- Reduced Mineral Excretion: By improving absorption, chelates reduce the amount of minerals excreted, minimizing environmental pollution.
Applications
Chelates are used in the diets of various animals, including poultry, swine, cattle, and aquaculture. They are particularly beneficial in intensive farming systems where nutrient requirements are high.
Mechanism of Action
The mechanism by which chelates enhance mineral absorption involves several steps:
- Protection in the Stomach: Chelates protect metal ions from forming insoluble precipitates in the acidic environment of the stomach.
- Transport Across the Intestinal Wall: The chelated minerals are more readily absorbed across the intestinal wall due to their stability and solubility.
- Release and Utilization: Once inside the body, the metal ions are released from the chelate and utilized in various metabolic processes.
Potential Concerns
While chelates offer numerous benefits, there are potential concerns that need to be addressed:
- Cost: Chelated minerals are often more expensive than inorganic mineral sources.
- Over-supplementation: Excessive use of chelates can lead to mineral imbalances and toxicity.
- Regulatory Issues: The use of chelates in animal feed is subject to regulatory approval in many countries.
Conclusion
Chelates are a valuable tool in animal nutrition, offering enhanced mineral bioavailability and improved animal performance. However, their use must be carefully managed to avoid potential drawbacks.
See Also
References
- Underwood, E. J., & Suttle, N. F. (1999). The Mineral Nutrition of Livestock. CABI Publishing.
- Spears, J. W. (1996). Organic trace minerals in ruminant nutrition. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 58(1-2), 151-163.
External Links
