Globicatella

Globicatella is a genus of Gram-positive bacteria within the family Aerococcaceae. This genus is known for its role in human infections, although it is less commonly encountered than other pathogenic bacteria.

Taxonomy

The genus Globicatella was first described in 1992 by Collins et al. It belongs to the phylum Firmicutes, class Bacilli, and order Lactobacillales. The genus currently includes two recognized species: Globicatella sanguinis and Globicatella sulfidifaciens.

Morphology

Globicatella species are cocci, meaning they are spherical in shape. They are Gram-positive, which means they retain the crystal violet stain used in the Gram staining procedure. These bacteria are typically arranged in pairs or short chains.

Physiology

Globicatella species are facultative anaerobes, meaning they can grow in both the presence and absence of oxygen. They are catalase-negative, which distinguishes them from some other Gram-positive cocci such as Staphylococcus.

Pathogenicity

Globicatella sanguinis is the species most commonly associated with human disease. It has been isolated from cases of bacteremia, endocarditis, and meningitis. The pathogenic mechanisms of Globicatella are not fully understood, but it is believed to be an opportunistic pathogen, primarily affecting individuals with underlying health conditions or compromised immune systems.

Clinical Significance

Globicatella infections are rare but can be serious. They are often misidentified as other more common Gram-positive cocci, such as Streptococcus or Enterococcus, due to similarities in morphology and growth characteristics. Accurate identification typically requires advanced laboratory techniques such as 16S ribosomal RNA sequencing.

Diagnosis

The diagnosis of Globicatella infections involves the isolation and identification of the organism from clinical specimens. Blood cultures are commonly used in cases of suspected bacteremia or endocarditis. Once isolated, the bacteria can be identified using biochemical tests, MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry, or genetic sequencing.

Treatment

Treatment of Globicatella infections typically involves the use of antibiotics. The choice of antibiotic may depend on the susceptibility profile of the isolate, as determined by antimicrobial susceptibility testing. Commonly used antibiotics include penicillin, vancomycin, and cephalosporins.

Prevention

Preventive measures for Globicatella infections are not well established due to the rarity of these infections. General infection control practices, such as hand hygiene and the use of personal protective equipment, are recommended to reduce the risk of transmission in healthcare settings.

Research

Research on Globicatella is ongoing, with studies focusing on its epidemiology, pathogenic mechanisms, and resistance patterns. Understanding the genetic basis of its virulence and resistance could lead to improved diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.

See also

• Gram-positive bacteria
• Bacteremia
• Endocarditis
• Meningitis

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