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| {{Infobox medical condition (new) | | |
| | name = Epidermodysplasia verruciformis | | {{Infobox medical condition |
| | synonyms = Lewandowsky–Lutz dysplasia, treeman syndrome | | | name = Epidermodysplasia verruciformis |
| | image = File:World's 4th a Tree Man.jpg | | | image = |
| | caption = Abul Bajandar from [[Bangladesh]] | | | caption = |
| | pronounce = | | | field = [[Dermatology]] |
| | field = [[Dermatology]] | | | synonyms = Tree man syndrome |
| | symptoms =
| | | symptoms = [[Wart]]-like lesions, [[skin cancer]] |
| | complications = | | | complications = [[Squamous cell carcinoma]] |
| | onset = | | | onset = Childhood |
| | duration = | | | duration = Lifelong |
| | types =
| | | causes = [[Genetic disorder]], [[HPV]] infection |
| | causes = [[Genetic disorder|Genetic]] | | | risks = [[Immunodeficiency]] |
| | risks = | | | diagnosis = [[Clinical diagnosis]], [[biopsy]] |
| | diagnosis = | | | treatment = [[Surgery]], [[cryotherapy]], [[retinoids]] |
| | differential =
| | | frequency = Rare |
| | prevention =
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| | treatment = | |
| | medication =
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| | prognosis =
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| | frequency = | |
| | deaths =
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| }} | | }} |
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| '''Epidermodysplasia verruciformis''' ('''EV'''), also known as '''treeman syndrome''', is an extremely [[Rare disease|rare]] [[autosomal recessive]]<ref name="Ramoz 2002">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ramoz N, Rueda LA, Bouadjar B, Montoya LS, Orth G, Favre M |title=Mutations in two adjacent novel genes are associated with epidermodysplasia verruciformis |journal=Nature Genetics |volume=32 |issue=4 |pages=579–81 |date=December 2002 |pmid=12426567 |doi=10.1038/ng1044}}</ref> [[genodermatosis|hereditary skin disorder]] associated with a high risk of [[skin cancer]]. It is characterized by abnormal susceptibility to [[Human papillomavirus infection|human papillomaviruses]] (HPVs) of the skin.<ref name="EVER HPV">{{cite journal |vauthors=Lazarczyk M, Pons C, Mendoza JA, Cassonnet P, Jacob Y, Favre M |title=Regulation of cellular zinc balance as a potential mechanism of EVER-mediated protection against pathogenesis by cutaneous oncogenic human papillomaviruses |journal=The Journal of Experimental Medicine |volume=205 |issue=1 |pages=35–42 |date=January 2008 |pmid=18158319 |pmc=2234378 |doi=10.1084/jem.20071311}}</ref> The resulting uncontrolled HPV infections result in the growth of scaly [[Skin condition|macules]] and [[papule]]s resembling [[Bark (botany)|tree bark]], particularly on the hands and feet. It is typically associated with HPV types 5 and 8,<ref name="HPV types">{{cite journal |author=Orth G |title=Epidermodysplasia verruciformis: a model for understanding the oncogenicity of human papillomaviruses |journal=Ciba Foundation Symposium |volume=120 |issue= |pages=157–74 |year=1986 |pmid=3013521|doi=10.1002/9780470513309.ch11 |series=Novartis Foundation Symposia |isbn=9780470513309 }}</ref> which are found in about 80% of the normal population as asymptomatic infections,<ref name="commensal">{{cite journal |vauthors=Antonsson A, Forslund O, Ekberg H, Sterner G, Hansson BG |title=The ubiquity and impressive genomic diversity of human skin papillomaviruses suggest a commensalic nature of these viruses |journal=Journal of Virology |volume=74 |issue=24 |pages=11636–41 |date=December 2000 |pmid=11090162 |pmc=112445 |doi=10.1128/JVI.74.24.11636-11641.2000}}</ref> although other types may also contribute.<ref name="HPV types"/> | | '''Epidermodysplasia verruciformis''' (EV), also known as '''tree man syndrome''', is a rare [[genetic disorder]] characterized by an abnormal susceptibility to [[human papillomavirus]] (HPV) infections. This condition leads to the development of wart-like lesions on the skin and an increased risk of [[skin cancer]], particularly [[squamous cell carcinoma]]. |
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| The condition usually has an onset of between the ages of one and 20<ref name=Gul>{{cite journal |vauthors=Gül U, Kiliç A, Gönül M, Cakmak SK, Bayis SS |title=Clinical aspects of epidermodysplasia verruciformis and review of the literature |journal=International Journal of Dermatology |volume=46 |issue=10 |pages=1069–72 |date=October 2007 |pmid=17910717 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-4632.2006.03014.x}}</ref> but it can occasionally be present in middle age.<ref name=Gul /> The condition is also known as '''Lewandowsky-Lutz dysplasia''', named after the physicians who first documented it, [[Felix Lewandowsky]] and Wilhelm Lutz.<ref>[http://www.whonamedit.com/synd.cfm/1422.html Lewandowsky–Lutz dysplasia: Who Named It?]</ref>
| | == Signs and Symptoms == |
| | Individuals with epidermodysplasia verruciformis typically present with wart-like lesions that may appear as flat-topped papules or plaques. These lesions are often found on the hands, feet, face, and other areas exposed to sunlight. Over time, these lesions can progress to [[malignant]] skin tumors. |
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| == Signs and symptoms == | | == Causes == |
| Clinical diagnostic features are lifelong eruptions of [[Tinea versicolor|pityriasis versicolor]]-like [[Skin condition|macules]], flat wart-like [[papule]]s, one to many [[cutaneous horn]]-like lesions, and development of cutaneous [[carcinoma]]s.
| | Epidermodysplasia verruciformis is caused by mutations in the [[EVER1]] or [[EVER2]] genes, which are involved in the regulation of [[zinc]] homeostasis in the skin. These genetic mutations lead to an impaired immune response to certain types of HPV, particularly HPV types 5 and 8, which are commonly associated with this condition. |
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| Patients present with flat, slightly scaly, red-brown macules on the face, neck, and body, recurring especially around the [[Penis|penial]] area, or verruca-like papillomatous lesions, [[seborrheic keratosis]]-like lesions, and pinkish-red plane papules on the hands, upper and lower extremities, and face. The initial form of EV presents with only flat, wart-like lesions over the body, whereas the malignant form shows a higher rate of polymorphic skin lesions and development of multiple [[skin|cutaneous]] [[Neoplasm|tumors]].
| | == Diagnosis == |
| | | The diagnosis of epidermodysplasia verruciformis is primarily clinical, based on the characteristic appearance of the skin lesions. A [[biopsy]] of the lesions can confirm the presence of HPV and rule out other conditions. Genetic testing may be performed to identify mutations in the EVER1 or EVER2 genes. |
| Generally, cutaneous lesions are spread over the body, but some cases have only a few lesions which are limited to one extremity.<ref>{{cite book |vauthors=Lowy DR, Androphy EJ |chapter=Warts |veditors=Freedberg IM, Eisen AZ, Wolff K |edition=6th |location=[[New York City]] |publisher=[[McGraw-Hill]] |year=2003 |pages=2119–2131 |title=Fitzpatrick's Dermatology in General Medicine |isbn=978-0-07-138076-8|display-editors=etal}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Pereira de Oliveira WR, Carrasco S, Neto CF, Rady P, Tyring SK |title=Nonspecific cell-mediated immunity in patients with epidermodysplasia verruciformis HPV |journal=The Journal of Dermatology |volume=30 |issue=3 |pages=203–9 |date=March 2003 |pmid=12692356 |url=http://www.dermatol.or.jp/Journal/JD/2003/030030203.html |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100204084342/http://www.dermatol.or.jp/Journal/JD/2003/030030203.html |archivedate=2010-02-04 |doi=10.1111/j.1346-8138.2003.tb00372.x }}</ref>
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| == Genetics ==
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| The cause of the condition is an inactivating PH mutation in either the ''[[TMC6|EVER1]]'' or ''[[TMC8|EVER2]]'' genes, which are located adjacent to one another on [[chromosome 17]].<ref name="Ramoz 2002" /> These genes play a role in regulating the distribution of [[zinc]] in the cell nuclei. Zinc is a necessary cofactor for many viral proteins, and the activity of ''EVER1/EVER2'' complex appears to restrict the access of viral proteins to cellular zinc stores, limiting their growth.<ref name="EVER Zn">{{cite journal |vauthors=Lazarczyk M, Favre M |title=Role of Zn2+ ions in host-virus interactions |journal=Journal of Virology |volume=82 |issue=23 |pages=11486–94 |date=December 2008 |pmid=18787005 |pmc=2583646 |doi=10.1128/JVI.01314-08}}</ref>
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| Other genes have also rarely been associated with this condition. These include the ''ras'' homolog gene family member H.<ref name=Crequer2012>{{cite journal |first=Amandine |last=Crequer |first2=Anja |last2=Troeger |first3=Etienne |last3=Patin |first4=Cindy |last4=Ma |first5=Capucine |last5=Picard |first6=Vincent |last6=Pedergnana |first7=Claire |last7=Fieschi |first8=Annick |last8=Lim |first9=Avinash |last9=Abhyankar |first10=Laure |last10=Gineau |first11=Ingrid |last11=Mueller-Fleckenstein |first12=Monika |last12=Schmidt |first13=Alain |last13=Taieb |first14=James |last14=Krueger |first15=Laurent |last15=Abel |first16=Stuart |last16=Tangye |first17=Gérard |last17=Orth |first18=David |last18=Williams |first19=Jean-Laurent |last19=Casanova |first20=Emmanuelle |last20=Jouanguy |date=2012-08-01 |title=Human RHOH deficiency causes T cell defects and susceptibility to EV-HPV infections |journal=The Journal of Clinical Investigation |doi=10.1172/JCI62949 |pmid=22850876 |pmc=3428089 |volume=122 |issue=9 |pages= 3239–3247 }}<!--|accessdate=31 January 2014 --></ref>
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| == Treatment == | | == Treatment == |
| No curative treatment against EV has been found yet. Several treatments have been suggested, and [[acitretin]] 0.5–1 mg/day for 6 months' duration is the most effective treatment owing to antiproliferative and differentiation-inducing effects.
| | There is no cure for epidermodysplasia verruciformis, but treatment focuses on managing symptoms and preventing complications. Options include: |
| | | * [[Surgical removal]] of lesions |
| [[Interferon]]s can also be used effectively together with [[retinoid]]s.
| | * [[Cryotherapy]] |
| | | * Topical or systemic [[retinoids]] |
| [[Cimetidine]] was reported to be effective because of its depressing [[mitogen]]-induced [[lymphocyte]] proliferation and [[regulatory T cell]] activity features. A report by Oliveira ''et al.'' showed that cimetidine was ineffective. Hayashi ''et al.'' applied topical [[calcipotriol]] to a patient with a successful result.
| | * [[Interferon]] therapy |
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| As mentioned, various treatment methods are offered against EV; however, most importantly, education of the patient, early diagnosis, and excision of the tumoral lesions take preference to prevent the development of cutaneous tumors.
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| == Notable cases ==
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| ===Ion Toader===
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| In March 2007, a Romanian man named Ion Toader was diagnosed with this condition.<ref>{{cite web |first=Mark |last=Allen |date=12 March 2007 |title=Missionary encounters extremely bizarre skin condition in Eastern Europe |work=Beware of the Blog |publisher=[[WFMU]] |url=http://blog.wfmu.org/freeform/2007/03/missionary_enco.html |accessdate=6 August 2009}}</ref> A patient of dermatologist Carmen Madeleine Curea, his pictures appeared on numerous blogs and Romanian press sources. Curea works with [[Spitalul Clinic Colentina]] in [[Bucharest]], [[Romania]]. Stephen Stone, past president of the [[American Academy of Dermatology]], confirmed that this was Lewandowsky–Lutz.{{Citation needed|date=December 2007}} Toader underwent surgery in late 2013, and since then has been mostly symptom-free, with only small reappearances.
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| ===Dede Koswara===
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| In November 2007, a video of a 34-year-old Indonesian man named [[Dede Koswara (Tree Man)|Dede Koswara]] with a similar disease appeared on the Internet.<ref>{{cite news |date=22 November 2007 |title=The man who looks like a tree |url=http://www.metro.co.uk/weird/article.html?in_article_id=76668 |work=[[Metro (Associated Metro Limited)|Metro]] |accessdate=6 August 2009}}</ref> His story appeared on the U.S. [[Discovery Channel]] and [[TLC (TV network)|TLC]] series ''My Shocking Story'' (''[[Extraordinary People (2003 TV series)|Extraordinary People]]'' on UK's [[Channel 5 (UK)|Five]]) in the episode "Half Man Half Tree".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.discoverychannel.co.uk/myshockingstory/halfman/index.shtml |title=Half Man Half Tree |publisher=[[Discovery Channel]] |accessdate=6 August 2009 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080901124913/http://www.discoverychannel.co.uk/myshockingstory/halfman/index.shtml |archivedate=1 September 2008 }}</ref> On August 12, 2008, Koswara's story was the subject of an ABC's ''Medical Mystery'' episode entitled "Tree Man".<ref>{{cite web|title="Tree Man" Medical Mystery|url=http://abcnews.go.com/WNT/video/tree-man-medical-mystery-5566524|publisher=ABC News|accessdate=19 December 2012|date=15 August 2008}}</ref>
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| On 26 August 2008, Koswara returned home following surgery to remove {{Convert|6|kg|0|abbr=on}} of warts from his body.<ref name=warts>{{cite journal |agency=Reuters |date=28 August 2008 |title=Indonesia's 'tree man' comes home after treatment |url=http://www.latimes.com/business/la-on-treeman28-2008aug28,0,3563028.story |journal=[[Los Angeles Times]] |accessdate=6 August 2009 }}</ref> The surgery consisted of three steps:
| | Regular monitoring for skin cancer is essential due to the increased risk of [[malignant transformation]] of the lesions. |
| * Removal of the thick carpet of warts and massive horns on his hands
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| * Removal of the smaller warts on his head, torso, and feet
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| * Covering of the hands with grafted skin
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| In all, 96% of the warts were removed.<ref name=warts /> The surgery was documented by the Discovery Channel and TLC in the episode "Treeman: Search for the Cure".{{Citation needed|date=August 2009}} However, his warts returned and he was thought to require two surgeries per year for the rest of his life in order to manage the warts.<ref>{{cite news |first=Telly |last=Nathalia |author2=Reuters |date=20 December 2008 |title='Tree man's' warts growing again |url=http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,25197,24826865-12335,00.html |work=[[The Australian]] |accessdate=6 August 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090912135328/http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,25197,24826865-12335,00.html |archive-date=12 September 2009 |url-status=dead |author2-link=Reuters }}</ref> The Discovery Channel funded a blood analysis and found he lacked an immune system antigen to fight yeast infection. He was offered to have more tests run to determine whether it is treatable, and the doctor was fairly optimistic, but he refused the treatment.{{citation needed|date=March 2016}}
| | == Prognosis == |
| | The prognosis for individuals with epidermodysplasia verruciformis varies. While the condition is lifelong, early detection and treatment of skin cancers can improve outcomes. Patients require ongoing dermatological care to manage the condition effectively. |
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| According to ''[[The Jakarta Post]]'', Koswara underwent the first of a series of new surgical procedures to remove the regrown warts in the spring of 2011. Surgery had, however, proven to be a temporary solution for Koswara, as the warts continued to re-emerge. He had thus undergone three surgical operations since his major surgery in 2008. At the end of December 2010, two doctors from the Japanese Society for Complementary and Alternative Medicine brought him a drug made from [[Job's tears]]. The medicine was still undergoing lab tests as of 2016.{{cn|date=December 2017}}
| | == See Also == |
| | * [[Genodermatosis]] |
| | * [[Human papillomavirus]] |
| | * [[Skin cancer]] |
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| Aged 42, Koswara died on 30 January 2016, around 03:30 Western Indonesia Time, at [[:id:Rumah_Sakit_Hasan_Sadikin|Hasan Sadikin Hospital]], [[Bandung]], from the complications related to his condition.<ref>{{cite news|title=Dede Koswara Embuskan Nafas Terakhir, Ini Penyebab Kematian 'Manusia Akar' Bandung|author=Sabtu|url=http://www.tribunnews.com/regional/2016/01/30/dede-koswara-embuskan-nafas-terakhir-ini-penyebab-kematian-manusia-akar-bandung|newspaper=Tribun Regional|date=30 January 2016|accessdate=1 February 2016}}</ref>
| | == References == |
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| In 2009, the Discovery Channel episode "Treeman Meets Treeman" reported on another Indonesian man, from the same region as Koswara, who also has the disease and was given a similar treatment for it. His treatment seemed to have worked better.
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| ===Omar Tamim===
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| In 2013, one case of Epidermodysplasia verruciformis was reported in [[Iraq]]. No treatment was given since the condition was initially misdiagnosed.
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| ===Abul Bajandar===
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| In January 2016, a 25-year-old patient named Abul Bajandar from [[Khulna District|Khulna]], [[Bangladesh]] was admitted in [[Dhaka Medical College and Hospital]] and was diagnosed with this condition. Doctors at the hospital decided to form a medical board for the treatment of the patient.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Rare disease: DMCH to form medical board tomorrow|url = http://www.thedailystar.net/health/rare-disease-dmch-form-medical-board-tomorrow-209683|website = [[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]]|access-date = 2016-01-30|date = 2016-01-30}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title = বিরল এই বৃক্ষ মানব রোগ হয়েছে বাংলাদেশে একজনেরই - BBC বাংলা|url = http://www.bbc.com/bengali/news/2016/01/160130_bangladesh_tree_man_desease|website = BBC বাংলা|access-date = 2016-01-30|language = bn-IN|publisher = [[BBC]]}}</ref> Over the following year, Bajandar underwent at least 25 surgeries for the removal of the warts—weighing in excess of {{Convert|5|kg|0|abbr=on}}—from his hands, feet, and legs.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jan/31/bangladesh-tree-man-abul-banjadar-surgery Bangladesh's 'Tree Man' to undergo surgery], ''[[The Guardian]]'', 31 January 2016.</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/now-i-am-well-says-bangladeshi-tree-man/1/602479.html|title=Now I am well, says Bangladeshi Tree Man|access-date=2016-07-11}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Hope for Bangladesh 'Tree Man' after 16 surgeries to remove growths|url=http://english.alarabiya.net/en/media/digital/2017/01/10/Hope-for-Bangladesh-Tree-Man-after-16-surgeries-to-remove-growths.html|work=Al Arabiya|agency=AFP|date=10 January 2017}}</ref> Bajandar’s condition returned after he interrupted treatments in May 2018. His doctors requested that he return for treatment many times. He finally returned for treatment in late 2018, but his conditioned had significantly worsened and spread to his feet. He will reportedly need five to six operations to get the condition back under control. <ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.wbrc.com/2019/01/23/big-mistake-me-leave-mans-tree-man-condition-returns-worse-than-before-after-interrupting-treatments | title='Big mistake for me to leave': Man's 'tree man' condition returns worse than before after interrupting treatments}}</ref> In June 2019 he has requested to get his arms amputated as the pain is unbearable.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://gulfnews.com/world/asia/bangladesh-tree-man-wants-hands-amputated-1.1561375304637|title=Bangladesh 'Tree Man' wants hands amputated|last=|first=|date=|work=Gulf News|access-date=}}</ref>
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| ===Sahana Khatun===
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| In January 2017 it was reported that a 10-year-old girl in Bangladesh, Sahana Khatun, was diagnosed after developing lesions four months earlier. [[BBC News]] said that the case may have been the first diagnosis in a female.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-38810723|title=Bangladeshi girl may be first female with 'tree man syndrome'|date=2017-01-31|newspaper=BBC News|language=en-GB|access-date=2017-02-02}}</ref>
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| ===Mohammed Taluli===
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| In August 2017 it was reported that a 42-year-old man from [[Gaza Strip|Gaza]], Mohammed Taluli, had been successfully operated on at the [[Hadassah Medical Center|Hadassah Medical Centre]] in [[Jerusalem]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/israeli-doctors-successfully-operate-on-gaza-tree-man/|title=Israeli doctors successfully operate on Gaza 'tree man'|date=2017-08-30|newspaper=Times of Israel|language=en-US|access-date=2017-08-30}}</ref>
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| ===Cristhél Suyapa Martínez===
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| In October 2018, a five-year-old girl in [[Honduras]], Cristhél Suyapa Martínez, was diagnosed with the condition.<ref>{{Cite web|last= |first= |authorlink= |title= Extraño caso de "niña árbol" en Honduras |publisher=[[La Tribuna (Honduras)|La Tribuna]]|date=October 23, 2018 |url= http://www.latribuna.hn/2018/10/23/extrano-caso-de-nina-arbol-en-honduras/ |accessdate=}}</ref>
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| ==References== | |
| {{Reflist}} | | {{Reflist}} |
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| ==Further reading== | | == External Links == |
| * {{cite journal |vauthors=Yabe Y, Sadakane H |title=The virus of epidermodysplasia verruciformis: electron microscopic and fluorescent antibody studies |journal=The Journal of Investigative Dermatology |volume=65 |issue=3 |pages=324–30 |date=September 1975 |pmid=808576 |doi=10.1111/1523-1747.ep12598388|doi-access=free }} | | * [https://www.dermnetnz.org/topics/epidermodysplasia-verruciformis/ DermNet NZ - Epidermodysplasia Verruciformis] |
| * {{cite journal |doi=10.1007/BF01938833 |title=Ein Fall einer bisher nicht beschriebenen Hauterkrankung (Epidermodysplasia verruciformis) |date=October 1922 |vauthors=Lewandowsky F, Lutz W |journal=Archiv für Dermatologie und Syphilis |volume=141 |issue=2 |pages=193–203 |language=German|url=https://zenodo.org/record/2450074 }} | | * [https://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/diseases/10723/epidermodysplasia-verruciformis NIH - Epidermodysplasia Verruciformis] |
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| == External links ==
| | [[Category:Dermatology]] |
| {{Medical resources
| | [[Category:Genetic disorders]] |
| | DiseasesDB = 31394
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| | ICD10 =
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| | ICD9 =
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| | OMIM = 226400
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| | OMIM_mult = {{OMIM2|305350}}
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| | MedlinePlus =
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| | ICDO =
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| | eMedicineSubj = derm
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| | eMedicineTopic = 123
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| | MeshID = D004819
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| | Orphanet=302
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| {{stub}}
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| {{Viral cutaneous conditions}}
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| {{Inborn errors of metal metabolism}}
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| {{DEFAULTSORT:Epidermodysplasia Verruciformis}}
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| [[Category:Virus-related cutaneous conditions]] | |
| [[Category:Rare diseases]] | | [[Category:Rare diseases]] |
| [[Category:Papillomavirus-associated diseases]] | | [[Category:Skin conditions resulting from errors in metabolism]] |
| [[Category:Epidermal nevi, neoplasms, cysts]]
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| [[Category:Defects in innate immunity]]
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Epidermodysplasia verruciformis (EV), also known as tree man syndrome, is a rare genetic disorder characterized by an abnormal susceptibility to human papillomavirus (HPV) infections. This condition leads to the development of wart-like lesions on the skin and an increased risk of skin cancer, particularly squamous cell carcinoma.
Signs and Symptoms
Individuals with epidermodysplasia verruciformis typically present with wart-like lesions that may appear as flat-topped papules or plaques. These lesions are often found on the hands, feet, face, and other areas exposed to sunlight. Over time, these lesions can progress to malignant skin tumors.
Causes
Epidermodysplasia verruciformis is caused by mutations in the EVER1 or EVER2 genes, which are involved in the regulation of zinc homeostasis in the skin. These genetic mutations lead to an impaired immune response to certain types of HPV, particularly HPV types 5 and 8, which are commonly associated with this condition.
Diagnosis
The diagnosis of epidermodysplasia verruciformis is primarily clinical, based on the characteristic appearance of the skin lesions. A biopsy of the lesions can confirm the presence of HPV and rule out other conditions. Genetic testing may be performed to identify mutations in the EVER1 or EVER2 genes.
Treatment
There is no cure for epidermodysplasia verruciformis, but treatment focuses on managing symptoms and preventing complications. Options include:
Regular monitoring for skin cancer is essential due to the increased risk of malignant transformation of the lesions.
Prognosis
The prognosis for individuals with epidermodysplasia verruciformis varies. While the condition is lifelong, early detection and treatment of skin cancers can improve outcomes. Patients require ongoing dermatological care to manage the condition effectively.
See Also
References
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External Links
