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= Kidney Cancer =
{{Infobox medical condition
| name = Kidney Cancer
| image = File:Clear cell renal cell carcinoma high mag cropped.jpg
| caption = Micrograph of clear cell renal cell carcinoma, the most common type of kidney cancer
| field = [[Oncology]]
| symptoms = Blood in urine, flank pain, lump in the abdomen
| complications = Metastasis
| onset = Typically after age 50
| types = [[Renal cell carcinoma]], [[Transitional cell carcinoma]]
| causes = [[Smoking]], obesity, hypertension, genetic factors
| diagnosis = [[CT scan]], [[MRI]], [[Ultrasound]], [[Biopsy]]
| treatment = Surgery, targeted therapy, immunotherapy
| prognosis = Variable, depending on stage and type
| frequency = 400,000 new cases globally (2020)
}}


'''Kidney cancer''' refers to several types of malignancies that can affect the kidneys, the two bean-shaped organs located on either side of the spine just below the rib cage. The kidneys play a crucial role in filtering the blood, removing waste through urine, and managing fluid and electrolyte balance. Cancer that forms in the tissues of the kidneys can interfere with these functions and, if not treated promptly, may spread to other parts of the body.
'''Kidney cancer''' is a type of cancer that starts in the cells of the kidneys. The most common type of kidney cancer in adults is [[renal cell carcinoma]] (RCC), which accounts for about 90% of cases. Other types include [[transitional cell carcinoma]] and [[Wilms' tumor]], which is more common in children.


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== Types of Kidney Cancer ==
===Renal Cell Carcinoma===
* '''Renal Cell Carcinoma (RCC)''': The most common type of kidney cancer in adults, originating in the lining of the proximal convoluted tubule, a part of the very small tubes in the kidney that filter the blood and remove waste products.
Renal cell carcinoma is the most prevalent form of kidney cancer. It originates in the lining of the proximal convoluted tubule, a part of the very small tubes in the kidney that transport primary urine. There are several subtypes of RCC, including:
* '''Transitional Cell Carcinoma (TCC)''': Also known as urothelial carcinoma, this type forms in the renal pelvis, the part of the kidney where urine collects before moving to the bladder.
* '''Wilms Tumor''': A rare kidney cancer that primarily affects children under the age of 5. It is also known as nephroblastoma.


[[File:Kidney Cancer.png|thumb|500px|Illustrative diagram showing different types of kidney cancer.]]
* '''Clear cell RCC''': The most common subtype, characterized by cells that appear very pale or clear under a microscope.  
* '''Papillary RCC''': The second most common subtype, which forms small, finger-like projections.
* '''Chromophobe RCC''': A less common subtype, with cells that are larger and have a distinct appearance.


== Risk Factors ==
[[File:Chromophobe renal cell carcinoma, eosinophilic variant - high mag.jpg|thumb|Micrograph of chromophobe renal cell carcinoma, eosinophilic variant]]
Several factors can increase the risk of developing kidney cancer, including:
* Smoking
* Obesity
* High blood pressure
* Family history of kidney cancer
* Certain genetic conditions, such as von Hippel-Lindau disease
* Long-term dialysis treatment


== Symptoms ==
===Transitional Cell Carcinoma===
Kidney cancer may not cause any symptoms in its early stages. As the cancer progresses, symptoms may include:
Transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) of the kidney is less common and originates in the renal pelvis, the part of the kidney that collects urine before it moves to the bladder. TCC is more similar to bladder cancer than to RCC.
* Blood in the urine (hematuria)
 
* Persistent back pain just below the ribs
===Wilms' Tumor===
Wilms' tumor is a rare kidney cancer that primarily affects children. It is usually diagnosed in children under the age of 5.
 
==Symptoms==
Common symptoms of kidney cancer include:
* Hematuria (blood in the urine)
* Flank pain
* A palpable mass in the abdomen
* Unexplained weight loss
* Unexplained weight loss
* Fatigue
* Fatigue
* Fever


== Diagnosis ==
==Diagnosis==
Diagnosis of kidney cancer typically involves a combination of physical exams, imaging tests (such as CT scans, MRI, or ultrasounds), and biopsy procedures to confirm the presence of cancerous cells and determine the type and stage of the cancer.
Diagnosis of kidney cancer typically involves imaging studies such as [[CT scan]], [[MRI]], and [[ultrasound]]. A biopsy may be performed to confirm the diagnosis and determine the specific type of cancer.
 
==Staging==
Kidney cancer is staged based on the size of the tumor and the extent of its spread. The stages range from I to IV, with Stage I being localized and Stage IV indicating metastasis.


== Treatment Options ==
[[File:Diagram showing stage 1 kidney cancer CRUK 192.svg|thumb|Diagram showing stage 1 kidney cancer]]
Treatment for kidney cancer depends on the type, stage, and overall health of the patient, and may include:
* Surgery to remove part or all of the affected kidney
* Targeted therapy that focuses on specific abnormalities in cancer cells
* Immunotherapy to help the immune system fight the cancer
* Radiation therapy, although less commonly used for kidney cancer
* Clinical trials exploring new treatment options


== Prognosis and Outcomes ==
==Treatment==
The outlook for kidney cancer patients varies depending on the cancer's stage and type, as well as the treatment's effectiveness. Early detection and treatment significantly improve the chances of a favorable outcome.
Treatment options for kidney cancer depend on the stage and type of cancer. They may include:
* '''Surgery''': The primary treatment for localized kidney cancer, which may involve partial or complete removal of the kidney (nephrectomy).
* '''Targeted therapy''': Drugs that target specific pathways involved in cancer cell growth.
* '''Immunotherapy''': Treatments that help the immune system fight cancer.


== Prevention ==
==Prognosis==
While there is no guaranteed way to prevent kidney cancer, reducing risk factors such as smoking cessation, maintaining a healthy weight, and controlling high blood pressure may lower the risk.
The prognosis for kidney cancer varies widely depending on the stage at diagnosis and the specific type of cancer. Early-stage kidney cancer has a better prognosis than advanced-stage disease.


== External Links ==
==Also see==
* [https://www.cancer.gov/types/kidney National Cancer Institute - Kidney Cancer]
* [[Bladder cancer]]
* [https://www.kidneycancer.org/ Kidney Cancer Association]
* [[Prostate cancer]]
* [[Liver cancer]]
* [[Oncology]]


== References ==
{{Oncology}}
<references/>
* ''Kidney Cancer: Principles and Practice'' by Peter Mulders
* ''Renal Cell Carcinoma: Clinical Management'' edited by Robert A. Figlin


[[Category:Cancer]]
[[Category:Kidney cancer]]
[[Category:Kidney diseases]]
[[Category:Oncology]]
[[Category:Oncology]]
{{stub}}
[[Category:Urologic cancers]]

Revision as of 02:53, 11 December 2024

Kidney Cancer
File:Clear cell renal cell carcinoma high mag cropped.jpg
Synonyms N/A
Pronounce N/A
Specialty N/A
Symptoms Blood in urine, flank pain, lump in the abdomen
Complications Metastasis
Onset Typically after age 50
Duration N/A
Types Renal cell carcinoma, Transitional cell carcinoma
Causes Smoking, obesity, hypertension, genetic factors
Risks N/A
Diagnosis CT scan, MRI, Ultrasound, Biopsy
Differential diagnosis N/A
Prevention N/A
Treatment Surgery, targeted therapy, immunotherapy
Medication N/A
Prognosis Variable, depending on stage and type
Frequency 400,000 new cases globally (2020)
Deaths N/A


Kidney cancer is a type of cancer that starts in the cells of the kidneys. The most common type of kidney cancer in adults is renal cell carcinoma (RCC), which accounts for about 90% of cases. Other types include transitional cell carcinoma and Wilms' tumor, which is more common in children.

Types

Renal Cell Carcinoma

Renal cell carcinoma is the most prevalent form of kidney cancer. It originates in the lining of the proximal convoluted tubule, a part of the very small tubes in the kidney that transport primary urine. There are several subtypes of RCC, including:

  • Clear cell RCC: The most common subtype, characterized by cells that appear very pale or clear under a microscope.
  • Papillary RCC: The second most common subtype, which forms small, finger-like projections.
  • Chromophobe RCC: A less common subtype, with cells that are larger and have a distinct appearance.
Micrograph of chromophobe renal cell carcinoma, eosinophilic variant

Transitional Cell Carcinoma

Transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) of the kidney is less common and originates in the renal pelvis, the part of the kidney that collects urine before it moves to the bladder. TCC is more similar to bladder cancer than to RCC.

Wilms' Tumor

Wilms' tumor is a rare kidney cancer that primarily affects children. It is usually diagnosed in children under the age of 5.

Symptoms

Common symptoms of kidney cancer include:

  • Hematuria (blood in the urine)
  • Flank pain
  • A palpable mass in the abdomen
  • Unexplained weight loss
  • Fatigue

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of kidney cancer typically involves imaging studies such as CT scan, MRI, and ultrasound. A biopsy may be performed to confirm the diagnosis and determine the specific type of cancer.

Staging

Kidney cancer is staged based on the size of the tumor and the extent of its spread. The stages range from I to IV, with Stage I being localized and Stage IV indicating metastasis.

Diagram showing stage 1 kidney cancer

Treatment

Treatment options for kidney cancer depend on the stage and type of cancer. They may include:

  • Surgery: The primary treatment for localized kidney cancer, which may involve partial or complete removal of the kidney (nephrectomy).
  • Targeted therapy: Drugs that target specific pathways involved in cancer cell growth.
  • Immunotherapy: Treatments that help the immune system fight cancer.

Prognosis

The prognosis for kidney cancer varies widely depending on the stage at diagnosis and the specific type of cancer. Early-stage kidney cancer has a better prognosis than advanced-stage disease.

Also see



Oncology
Basics
Diagnostics
Treatments
Types of Cancers
Related Fields
This oncology-related article is a stub.
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