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| {{livingspaces}} | | {{Short description|Overview of housing as a concept and its implications}} |
| '''Housing''', or more generally '''living spaces''',<ref>Ranasinghe, WC and Hemakumara, GPTS(2018), Spatial modelling of the householders' perception and assessment of the potentiality to improve the urban green coverage in residential areas: A case study from Issadeen Town Matara, Sri Lanka, Ruhuna Journal of Science, Vol 9(1); http://rjs.ruh.ac.lk/index.php/rjs/article/view/174</ref> refers to the [[construction]] and [[housing authority|assigned usage]] of [[house]]s or [[building]]s collectively, for the purpose of [[Shelter (building)|shelter]]ing people — the planning or provision delivered by an [[authority]], with related meanings.<ref>{{Cite OED|housing|id=88956}}</ref> The [[social issue]] is of ensuring that members of society have a [[home]] in which to live, whether this is a [[house]], or some other kind of [[dwelling]], [[lodging]], or [[shelter (building)|shelter]].<ref>Gwendolyn Wright, ''Building the Dream: A Social History of Housing in America'' (MIT press, 1983)</ref> Many governments have one or more [[housing authority|housing authorities]], sometimes also called a housing ministry, or housing department.
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| == Macroeconomy and housing price== | | ==Housing== |
| Previous research shows that housing price is affected by the [[macroeconomy]]. Li et al (2018)'s research showed that 1% increase in the Consumer Price Index leads to a $3,559,715 increase in housing prices and raises the property price per square feet by $119.3387. Money Supply (M2) has a positive relationship with housing prices. As M2 increases by one unit, housing prices will rise by 0.0618 in a study conducted in Hong Kong. When there is a 1% increase in the best lending rate, housing prices drop by between $18,237.26 and $28,681.17 in the HAC model. Mortgage repayments lead to a rise in the discount window base rate. A 1% rise in the rate leads to a $14,314.69 drop in housing prices, and an average selling price drop of $585,335.50. As the US real interest rate increases, the interest rates in Hong Kong must follow, increasing the mortgage repayments. When there is a 1% increase in the US real interest rate, the property prices decreased from $9302.845 to $4957.274, and saleable area drops by $4.955206 and $14.01284. When there is a 1% rise in overnight Hong Kong Interbank Offered Rate, the housing prices drop to about 3455.529, and the price per ft2 will drop by $187.3119 <ref>{{cite journal |last1=Li |first1=R.Y.M. |title=Have Housing Prices Gone with the Smelly Wind? Big Data Analysis on Landfill in Hong Kong |journal=Sustainability |date=2018 |volume=10 |issue=2 |page=341 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/322759961_Have_Housing_Prices_Gone_with_the_Smelly_Wind_Big_Data_Analysis_on_Landfill_in_Hong_Kong}}</ref>.
| | Housing refers to the construction and allocation of residential buildings or dwellings for the purpose of providing shelter to individuals and families. It encompasses a wide range of structures, from single-family homes to multi-unit apartments, and includes both private and public housing options. Housing is a fundamental human need and plays a critical role in the social, economic, and environmental aspects of society. |
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| == {{anchor|Informal housing}}Informal housing == | | ==Types of Housing== |
| [[File:Soweto township.jpg|thumb|left|Informal housing settlement in [[Soweto]], [[South Africa]]]]
| | Housing can be categorized into several types based on structure, ownership, and purpose: |
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| The term informal housing can include any form of shelter or settlement (or lack thereof) which is illegal, falls outside of government control or regulation, or is not afforded protection by the state.<ref name=":0" /> As such, the informal housing industry is part of the [[informal sector]].<ref name="rru.worldbank.org">{{cite web|title=The Informal Economy: Fact Finding Study|url=http://rru.worldbank.org/Documents/PapersLinks/Sida.pdf|publisher=Department for Infrastructure and Economic Cooperation|accessdate=20 November 2011|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111027063706/http://rru.worldbank.org/Documents/PapersLinks/Sida.pdf|archivedate=27 October 2011|df=}}</ref> To have informal housing status is to exist in ‘a state of deregulation, one where the ownership, use, and purpose of land cannot be fixed and mapped according to any prescribed set of regulations or the law.’<ref name=":0">{{cite journal |last=Roy|first=Ananya|title=Why India Cannot Plan Its Cities|journal=Planning Theory|year=2009|volume=8|issue=1|pages=80}}</ref> While there is no global unified law of property ownership<ref>{{cite book |last=Fernandes|first=Edesio|title=Illegal Cities: Law and Urban Change in Developing Countries|year=1998|publisher=Zed Books|location=London|pages=4|author2=Varley, Ann}}</ref> typically, the informal occupant or community will lack security of tenure and, with this, ready or reliable access to civic amenities (potable water, electricity and gas supply, sanitation and waste collection). Due to the informal nature of occupancy, the state will typically be unable to extract rent or land taxes.
| | ===Single-Family Homes=== |
| | [[Single-family homes]] are standalone residential buildings designed to house one family. These homes typically include a private yard and are often found in suburban areas. They offer privacy and space but can be more expensive to maintain. |
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| The term informal housing is useful in capturing informal populations other than those living slum settlements or shanty towns, which are defined more narrowly by the [[UN Habitat]] as "contiguous settlement where the inhabitants are characterizes as having inadequate housing and basic services...often not recognised or addressed by the public authorities an integral or equal part of the city."<ref>{{cite book |title=Expert Group Meeting on Urban Indicators, Secure Tenure, Slums and Global Sample of Cities, Monday 28 to Wednesday 30 October 2002|year=2002|publisher=United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-HABITAT)|location=Nairobi, Kenya|url=http://www.unchs.org/programmes/housingrights/expert_group_meeting.asp|author=Cities Alliance: Cities without Slums}}</ref>
| | ===Multi-Family Housing=== |
| | [[Multi-family housing]] includes structures such as [[apartments]], [[condominiums]], and [[townhouses]]. These buildings contain multiple separate housing units within a single structure. They are common in urban areas and offer shared amenities and lower maintenance costs. |
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| Common categories or terms for informal housing include [[slums]], slum settlements, [[shanty towns]], [[Squatting|squats]], [[homelessness]] and [[pavement dwellers]].
| | ===Public Housing=== |
| | [[Public housing]] is government-funded housing provided to low-income individuals and families. It aims to ensure that all citizens have access to affordable and safe living conditions. Public housing projects can vary in size and design. |
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| === Informal housing in developing countries === | | ===Cooperative Housing=== |
| Homelessness and insecurity of tenure are issues faced by populations around the world. However, there are particularly pernicious circumstances in developing countries that lead to a large proportion of the population resorting to informal housing. According to [[Saskia Sassen]], in the race to become a ‘[[global city]]’ with the requisite state-of-the-art economic and regulatory platforms for handling the operations of international firms and markets,’ radical physical interventions in the fabric of the city are often called for, displacing ‘modest, low-profit firms and households’.<ref>{{cite book |last=Sassen|first=Saskia|title="The Global City – Strategic Site/New Frontier" in Dharavi: Documenting Informalities|year=2009|publisher=Academic Foundation|location=Delhi|pages=20}}</ref>
| | [[Cooperative housing]] involves a group of people who collectively own and manage a housing complex. Residents purchase shares in the cooperative, which grants them the right to occupy a unit. This model emphasizes community living and shared responsibilities. |
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| If these households lack the economic resilience to repurchase in the same area or relocate to a place that offers similar economic opportunity, they are prime candidates for informal housing. For example, in [[Mumbai]], [[India]], this fast-paced economic growth, coupled with inadequate infrastructure, endemic corruption and the legacy of the restrictive tenancy laws<ref>{{cite news |title=Pro-tenant laws in India often inhibit rental market |url=http://www.globalpropertyguide.com/Asia/India/Landlord-and-Tenant |accessdate=15 March 2012|newspaper=Global Property Law Guide|date=20 June 2006}}</ref> have left the city unable to house the estimated 54% who now live informally.<ref>{{cite book |last=National Building Organisation|title=Slums in India: A Statistical Compendium |year=2011|publisher=Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation (Government of India)}}</ref>
| | ==Factors Influencing Housing== |
| | Several factors influence the availability, quality, and affordability of housing: |
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| Many cities in the developing world are experiencing a rapid increase in informal housing, driven by mass migration to cities in search of employment or fleeing from war or environmental disaster. According to [[Robert Neuwirth]], there are over 1 billion (one in seven) squatters worldwide. If current trends continue, this will increase to 2 billion by 2030 (one in four), and 3 billion by 2050 (one in three).<ref>{{cite web |last=Neuwirth|first=Robert|title=Our Shadow Cities |url=http://www.ted.com/talks/robert_neuwirth_on_our_shadow_cities.html|publisher=TEDTalks|accessdate=30 November 2012}}</ref> Informal housing, and the often informal livelihoods that accompany them, are set to be defining features of the cities of the future.<ref>Laquian, Aprodicio A. ''Basic housing: policies for urban sites, services, and shelter in developing countries'' (Ottawa: International Development Research Centre, 1983).</ref>
| | ===Economic Factors=== |
| | The [[economy]] plays a significant role in housing markets. Economic growth can lead to increased demand for housing, while economic downturns can result in decreased demand and lower housing prices. Interest rates, employment rates, and income levels are key economic indicators affecting housing. |
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| == See also == | | ===Social Factors=== |
| {{Portal|Housing}}
| | [[Demographics]], cultural preferences, and family structures influence housing needs and preferences. For example, an aging population may increase demand for accessible housing, while younger generations may prefer urban living with access to amenities. |
| {{div col|colwidth=30em}}
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| * [[Affordable housing]]
| | ===Environmental Factors=== |
| * [[:Category:Housing ministries]]
| | [[Environmental considerations]] such as climate, natural disasters, and sustainability impact housing design and location. Green building practices and energy-efficient homes are becoming increasingly important in reducing the environmental footprint of housing. |
| * [[Housing association]]; there are many articles on specific named housing associations
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| * [[Housing estate]]
| | ==Challenges in Housing== |
| * [[Housing in the United Kingdom]]
| | The housing sector faces several challenges that affect its ability to meet the needs of the population: |
| * [[Housing in Japan]]
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| * [[Informal sector]]
| | ===Affordability=== |
| * [[List of housing statutes]]
| | [[Housing affordability]] is a major issue, particularly in urban areas where demand often exceeds supply. Rising property prices and rental costs can make it difficult for individuals and families to find affordable housing. |
| * [[List of human habitation forms]]
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| * [[Right to housing]]
| | ===Homelessness=== |
| * [[Subsidized housing]]
| | [[Homelessness]] is a critical issue linked to housing shortages and affordability. It affects individuals and families who are unable to secure stable housing, often due to economic hardship, mental health issues, or lack of support services. |
| * US [[Federal Housing Administration]]
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| == References == | | ===Urbanization=== |
| {{reflist}}
| | Rapid [[urbanization]] can strain existing housing infrastructure, leading to overcrowding and inadequate living conditions. Cities must balance growth with sustainable housing development to accommodate increasing populations. |
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| == External links == | | ==Related Pages== |
| {{wiktionary-inline|housing}}
| | * [[Real estate]] |
| * {{Commons cat inline|Housing}} | | * [[Urban planning]] |
| {{Euthenics}}
| | * [[Sustainable development]] |
| | * [[Affordable housing]] |
| | * [[Homelessness]] |
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| [[Category:Housing| ]] | | [[Category:Housing]] |
| | [[Category:Urban studies and planning]] |
| | [[Category:Real estate]] |
Overview of housing as a concept and its implications
Housing[edit]
Housing refers to the construction and allocation of residential buildings or dwellings for the purpose of providing shelter to individuals and families. It encompasses a wide range of structures, from single-family homes to multi-unit apartments, and includes both private and public housing options. Housing is a fundamental human need and plays a critical role in the social, economic, and environmental aspects of society.
Types of Housing[edit]
Housing can be categorized into several types based on structure, ownership, and purpose:
Single-Family Homes[edit]
Single-family homes are standalone residential buildings designed to house one family. These homes typically include a private yard and are often found in suburban areas. They offer privacy and space but can be more expensive to maintain.
Multi-Family Housing[edit]
Multi-family housing includes structures such as apartments, condominiums, and townhouses. These buildings contain multiple separate housing units within a single structure. They are common in urban areas and offer shared amenities and lower maintenance costs.
Public Housing[edit]
Public housing is government-funded housing provided to low-income individuals and families. It aims to ensure that all citizens have access to affordable and safe living conditions. Public housing projects can vary in size and design.
Cooperative Housing[edit]
Cooperative housing involves a group of people who collectively own and manage a housing complex. Residents purchase shares in the cooperative, which grants them the right to occupy a unit. This model emphasizes community living and shared responsibilities.
Factors Influencing Housing[edit]
Several factors influence the availability, quality, and affordability of housing:
Economic Factors[edit]
The economy plays a significant role in housing markets. Economic growth can lead to increased demand for housing, while economic downturns can result in decreased demand and lower housing prices. Interest rates, employment rates, and income levels are key economic indicators affecting housing.
Social Factors[edit]
Demographics, cultural preferences, and family structures influence housing needs and preferences. For example, an aging population may increase demand for accessible housing, while younger generations may prefer urban living with access to amenities.
Environmental Factors[edit]
Environmental considerations such as climate, natural disasters, and sustainability impact housing design and location. Green building practices and energy-efficient homes are becoming increasingly important in reducing the environmental footprint of housing.
Challenges in Housing[edit]
The housing sector faces several challenges that affect its ability to meet the needs of the population:
Affordability[edit]
Housing affordability is a major issue, particularly in urban areas where demand often exceeds supply. Rising property prices and rental costs can make it difficult for individuals and families to find affordable housing.
Homelessness[edit]
Homelessness is a critical issue linked to housing shortages and affordability. It affects individuals and families who are unable to secure stable housing, often due to economic hardship, mental health issues, or lack of support services.
Urbanization[edit]
Rapid urbanization can strain existing housing infrastructure, leading to overcrowding and inadequate living conditions. Cities must balance growth with sustainable housing development to accommodate increasing populations.
Related Pages[edit]
