Lymphatic malformations

Editor-In-Chief: Prab R Tumpati, MD
Obesity, Sleep & Internal medicine
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Lymphatic malformations
Synonyms	Lymphangioma, cystic hygroma
Pronounce	N/A
Specialty	N/A
Symptoms	Soft, spongy masses, swelling, possible infection
Complications	Infection, bleeding, airway obstruction
Onset	Congenital (present at birth)
Duration	Chronic
Types	N/A
Causes	Abnormal development of the lymphatic system
Risks	Genetic syndromes, chromosomal abnormalities
Diagnosis	Ultrasound, MRI, CT scan
Differential diagnosis	Hemangioma, teratoma, thyroglossal duct cyst
Prevention	N/A
Treatment	Sclerotherapy, surgical excision, laser therapy
Medication	N/A
Prognosis	Variable, depending on size and location
Frequency	Rare
Deaths	N/A

Lymphatic malformation

Lymphatic malformation

Lymphatic malformations are rare, non-malignant masses consisting of fluid-filled channels or spaces thought to be caused by the abnormal development of the lymphatic system. These malformations can occur anywhere in the body but are most commonly found in the head and neck region.

Etiology

Lymphatic malformations are congenital, meaning they are present at birth. They arise from errors in the development of the lymphatic system during embryogenesis. The exact cause of these developmental errors is not well understood, but they are not typically inherited.

Clinical Presentation

Lymphatic malformations can vary greatly in size and appearance. They may present as soft, compressible masses that can be translucent or bluish in color. Symptoms depend on the size and location of the malformation and may include:

• Swelling or a mass
• Pain or discomfort
• Impaired function of nearby structures
• Infection or bleeding

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of lymphatic malformations is typically made through clinical examination and imaging studies. Common imaging modalities include:

• Ultrasound: Useful for initial evaluation and assessment of the cystic nature of the lesion.
• Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI): Provides detailed information about the extent and nature of the malformation.
• Computed Tomography (CT): May be used to assess involvement of bony structures.

Treatment

Treatment of lymphatic malformations depends on the size, location, and symptoms. Options include:

• Observation: Small, asymptomatic malformations may not require immediate treatment.
• Sclerotherapy: Injection of a sclerosing agent to shrink the malformation.
• Surgical excision: Removal of the malformation, often used for large or symptomatic lesions.
• Laser therapy: Used for superficial lesions.

Prognosis

The prognosis for individuals with lymphatic malformations varies. Many malformations can be managed effectively with treatment, but recurrence is possible. Complications can arise from infection, bleeding, or compression of vital structures.

Research and Future Directions

Research is ongoing to better understand the genetic and molecular basis of lymphatic malformations. Advances in imaging and minimally invasive treatments continue to improve outcomes for patients.

See Also

• Lymphatic system
• Congenital disorders
• Vascular malformations

External Links

• National Organization for Rare Disorders
• Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center

NIH genetic and rare disease info

• NIH info on Lymphatic malformations

Lymphatic malformations is a rare disease.