Hypersalivation

Hypersalivation, also known as ptyalism or sialorrhea, is a condition characterized by excessive production or inadequate clearance of saliva, leading to drooling or spitting. The phenomenon can occur as a result of numerous underlying causes, ranging from neurological disorders to oral infections and systemic diseases.

Causes

• The etiology of hypersalivation can be categorized into two primary mechanisms: increased production of saliva and decreased clearance of saliva.
• Increased salivary production can be a result of various factors including:
• Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
• Oral infections or abscesses
• Certain medications (such as those used to treat Parkinson's disease)
• Exposure to toxins (including heavy metals and certain plants)
• Pregnancy (in the context of morning sickness)
• Decreased clearance of saliva may occur due to:
• Neurological disorders, such as Parkinson's disease, cerebral palsy, or stroke, which can affect the control of muscles involved in swallowing
• Structural abnormalities in the oral cavity or throat
• Psychogenic causes, where stress, anxiety, or other psychological factors can influence salivation^[1].

Symptoms and Complications

• The primary symptom of hypersalivation is the excessive accumulation of saliva in the mouth, which may lead to drooling. This can be particularly prominent during sleep or while talking. The severity of symptoms can vary from mild discomfort to significant impairment in daily activities.
• Potential complications of chronic hypersalivation include social stigma, impaired speech and feeding, skin breakdown around the mouth, aspiration pneumonia (from inhaling saliva into the lungs), and dehydration.

Diagnosis

The diagnosis of hypersalivation begins with a thorough clinical history and physical examination. Investigations such as blood tests and imaging studies (like X-rays or MRIs) might be performed to identify any systemic diseases or structural abnormalities. A referral to a specialist (such as a neurologist, gastroenterologist, or otolaryngologist) may be necessary depending on the suspected underlying cause^[2].

Treatment

• The treatment for hypersalivation aims to address the underlying cause when possible. This could involve altering medication doses (in case of drug-induced hypersalivation), treating infections, or managing neurological conditions.
• Additional strategies include speech or occupational therapy to improve swallowing and salivary control, and dental approaches to manage drooling. In severe cases, surgical interventions (like neurectomy or salivary duct ligation) may be considered.
• Pharmacological interventions, such as anticholinergic medications, can also be used to reduce salivary production^[3].

See also

• Saliva
• Drooling
• Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
• Parkinson's disease
• Cerebral palsy
• Stroke

References

<references>

• |Blasco, P.A., & Allaire, J.H. (1992). Drooling in the developmentally disabled: management practices and recommendations. Consortium on Drooling. Dev Med Child Neurol, 34(9), 849-62.
• |Meningaud, J.P., Pitak-Arnnop, P., Chikhani, L., & Bertrand, J.C. (2006). Drooling of saliva: a review of the etiology and management options. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod, 101(1), 48-57.
• |Bavikatte, G., Sit, P.L., & Hassoon, A. (2012). Management of drooling of saliva. British Journal of Medical Practitioners, 5(1), a507.

</references>

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