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<includeonly>
== Engineered Monoclonal Antibodies ==
{| class="infobox" style="width: 22em; font-size: 90%;"
! colspan="2" style="background:#ddd; text-align: center;" | {{{drug_name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | [[File:{{{image|}}}|frameless|220px|alt={{{alt|}}}|{{{caption|}}}]]
|-
! [[International Nonproprietary Name|INN]]
| {{{INN|}}}
|-
! [[Drug class]]
| {{{class|}}}
|-
! [[Routes of administration]]
| {{{routes_of_administration|}}}
|-
! [[Pregnancy category]]
| {{{pregnancy_category|}}}
|-
! [[Bioavailability]]
| {{{bioavailability|}}}
|-
! [[Metabolism]]
| {{{metabolism|}}}
|-
! [[Biological half-life|Elimination half-life]]
| {{{elimination_half-life|}}}
|-
! [[Excretion]]
| {{{excretion|}}}
|-
! [[Legal status]]
| {{{legal_status|}}}
|-
! [[CAS Registry Number|CAS Number]]
| {{{CAS_number|}}}
|-
! [[PubChem]]
| {{{PubChem|}}}
|-
! [[DrugBank]]
| {{{DrugBank|}}}
|-
! [[ChemSpider]]
| {{{ChemSpiderID|}}}
|-
! [[KEGG]]
| {{{KEGG|}}}
|}
</includeonly><noinclude>
== Documentation ==
This template provides a basic infobox for drugs. Include relevant parameters for display.


=== Parameters ===
[[File:Engineered_monoclonal_antibodies.svg|thumb|right|Diagram of engineered monoclonal antibodies]]
* '''drug_name''' - Name of the drug.
* '''image''' - Image file name.
* '''caption''' - Caption for the image.
* '''INN''' - International Nonproprietary Name.
* '''class''' - Drug class.
* '''routes_of_administration''' - Methods of administration.
* '''pregnancy_category''' - Pregnancy safety category.
* '''bioavailability''' - Bioavailability of the drug.
* '''metabolism''' - Metabolism details.
* '''elimination_half-life''' - Half-life of the drug.
* '''excretion''' - Excretion pathways.
* '''legal_status''' - Legal status.
* '''CAS_number''' - CAS Registry Number.
* '''PubChem''' - PubChem Compound ID.
* '''DrugBank''' - DrugBank ID.
* '''ChemSpiderID''' - ChemSpider ID.
* '''KEGG''' - KEGG identifier.


=== Example Usage ===
Engineered monoclonal antibodies are a class of [[biological therapy|biological therapies]] that are designed to target specific [[antigen|antigens]] on the surface of cells. These antibodies are produced using recombinant [[DNA technology|DNA technologies]] and are used in the treatment of various diseases, including [[cancer]], [[autoimmune disorders]], and [[infectious diseases]].
<code>
 
{{Infobox drug
== Structure and Function ==
| drug_name = Paracetamol
 
| image = CE-Paracetamol.png
Monoclonal antibodies are composed of two identical [[heavy chain|heavy chains]] and two identical [[light chain|light chains]], forming a Y-shaped molecule. The tips of the "Y" contain the [[antigen-binding site|antigen-binding sites]], which are highly specific to the target antigen. This specificity allows monoclonal antibodies to bind to their target with high affinity, blocking or modulating the function of the antigen.
| caption = Structure of paracetamol
 
| INN = Paracetamol
== Types of Engineered Monoclonal Antibodies ==
| class = Analgesic
 
| routes_of_administration = Oral
There are several types of engineered monoclonal antibodies, each designed for specific therapeutic purposes:
| pregnancy_category = A
 
| bioavailability = 90%
* '''Chimeric antibodies''': These antibodies are composed of murine (mouse) variable regions and human constant regions. They are less immunogenic than fully murine antibodies.
| metabolism = Liver
 
| elimination_half-life = 1-4 hours
* '''Humanized antibodies''': These antibodies are mostly human, with only the antigen-binding sites derived from murine sources. This reduces the risk of immune reactions.
| excretion = Renal
 
| legal_status = OTC
* '''Fully human antibodies''': These are entirely human in origin, produced using transgenic mice or phage display technologies.
| CAS_number = 103-90-2
 
| PubChem = 1983
* '''Bispecific antibodies''': These antibodies are engineered to bind two different antigens simultaneously, offering unique therapeutic mechanisms.
| DrugBank = DB00316
 
| ChemSpiderID = 1915
== Applications in Medicine ==
| KEGG = D00114
 
}}
Engineered monoclonal antibodies have revolutionized the treatment of many diseases:
</code>
 
</noinclude>
* '''Cancer therapy''': Monoclonal antibodies can target specific [[tumor antigen|tumor antigens]], leading to direct tumor cell killing or recruitment of immune cells to attack the tumor.
 
* '''Autoimmune diseases''': By targeting specific components of the immune system, monoclonal antibodies can reduce inflammation and tissue damage in diseases such as [[rheumatoid arthritis]] and [[multiple sclerosis]].
 
* '''Infectious diseases''': Monoclonal antibodies can neutralize pathogens or their toxins, providing passive immunity or enhancing the host's immune response.
 
== Production ==
 
The production of engineered monoclonal antibodies involves several steps:
 
1. '''Antigen identification''': The target antigen is identified and characterized.
2. '''Hybridoma technology''': B cells from immunized animals are fused with myeloma cells to create hybridomas that produce the desired antibody.
3. '''Recombinant DNA technology''': Genes encoding the antibody are cloned and expressed in suitable host cells, such as [[CHO cells|Chinese hamster ovary cells]].
4. '''Purification and formulation''': The antibodies are purified and formulated for clinical use.
 
== Challenges and Future Directions ==
 
While engineered monoclonal antibodies have shown great promise, there are challenges such as high production costs, potential for immune reactions, and the development of resistance. Ongoing research aims to improve antibody design, reduce immunogenicity, and enhance therapeutic efficacy.
 
== Related Pages ==
 
* [[Monoclonal antibody therapy]]
* [[Biopharmaceutical]]
* [[Immunotherapy]]
* [[Hybridoma technology]]
 
[[Category:Monoclonal antibodies]]
[[Category:Biotechnology]]
[[Category:Immunology]]

Revision as of 14:13, 21 February 2025

Engineered Monoclonal Antibodies

Diagram of engineered monoclonal antibodies

Engineered monoclonal antibodies are a class of biological therapies that are designed to target specific antigens on the surface of cells. These antibodies are produced using recombinant DNA technologies and are used in the treatment of various diseases, including cancer, autoimmune disorders, and infectious diseases.

Structure and Function

Monoclonal antibodies are composed of two identical heavy chains and two identical light chains, forming a Y-shaped molecule. The tips of the "Y" contain the antigen-binding sites, which are highly specific to the target antigen. This specificity allows monoclonal antibodies to bind to their target with high affinity, blocking or modulating the function of the antigen.

Types of Engineered Monoclonal Antibodies

There are several types of engineered monoclonal antibodies, each designed for specific therapeutic purposes:

  • Chimeric antibodies: These antibodies are composed of murine (mouse) variable regions and human constant regions. They are less immunogenic than fully murine antibodies.
  • Humanized antibodies: These antibodies are mostly human, with only the antigen-binding sites derived from murine sources. This reduces the risk of immune reactions.
  • Fully human antibodies: These are entirely human in origin, produced using transgenic mice or phage display technologies.
  • Bispecific antibodies: These antibodies are engineered to bind two different antigens simultaneously, offering unique therapeutic mechanisms.

Applications in Medicine

Engineered monoclonal antibodies have revolutionized the treatment of many diseases:

  • Cancer therapy: Monoclonal antibodies can target specific tumor antigens, leading to direct tumor cell killing or recruitment of immune cells to attack the tumor.
  • Autoimmune diseases: By targeting specific components of the immune system, monoclonal antibodies can reduce inflammation and tissue damage in diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and multiple sclerosis.
  • Infectious diseases: Monoclonal antibodies can neutralize pathogens or their toxins, providing passive immunity or enhancing the host's immune response.

Production

The production of engineered monoclonal antibodies involves several steps:

1. Antigen identification: The target antigen is identified and characterized. 2. Hybridoma technology: B cells from immunized animals are fused with myeloma cells to create hybridomas that produce the desired antibody. 3. Recombinant DNA technology: Genes encoding the antibody are cloned and expressed in suitable host cells, such as Chinese hamster ovary cells. 4. Purification and formulation: The antibodies are purified and formulated for clinical use.

Challenges and Future Directions

While engineered monoclonal antibodies have shown great promise, there are challenges such as high production costs, potential for immune reactions, and the development of resistance. Ongoing research aims to improve antibody design, reduce immunogenicity, and enhance therapeutic efficacy.

Related Pages

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