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[[File:Gray742.png|thumb]] [[File:Explanation of the grouping effect in extinction.png|thumb]] [[File:Visual extinction.gif|thumb]] {{Short description|Neurological phenomenon related to sensory perception}}


'''Extinction''' is a neurological phenomenon observed in patients with certain types of brain damage, particularly those affecting the parietal lobe. It is characterized by the inability to perceive a stimulus on one side of the body when a similar stimulus is presented simultaneously on the opposite side. This condition is often associated with [[unilateral neglect]] and can provide insights into the functioning of attention and perception in the human brain.
{{Infobox medical condition
| name = Extinction (neurology)
| image = <!-- Image removed -->
| caption = <!-- Caption removed -->
| field = Neurology
}}


==Pathophysiology==
'''Extinction''' is a neurological disorder that occurs when a person is unable to perceive a stimulus on one side of their body when a similar stimulus is presented simultaneously on the opposite side. This phenomenon is often observed in patients who have suffered damage to the [[parietal lobe]] of the [[brain]], particularly following a [[stroke]].
Extinction occurs when there is a lesion in the [[parietal lobe]], most commonly in the right hemisphere, which is responsible for processing sensory information from the left side of the body. The phenomenon is thought to arise from a disruption in the attentional networks of the brain, particularly those involved in the integration of sensory information from both sides of the body.


The [[right parietal lobe]] is crucial for spatial awareness and attention, and damage to this area can lead to a dominance of the left hemisphere's attentional processes. As a result, when stimuli are presented to both sides of the body simultaneously, the brain may only register the stimulus on the side contralateral to the undamaged hemisphere, leading to the extinction of the stimulus on the affected side.
== Pathophysiology ==
Extinction is typically associated with lesions in the [[right hemisphere]] of the brain, which can lead to deficits in [[spatial attention]]. The [[parietal lobe]] plays a crucial role in integrating sensory information and is responsible for the perception of stimuli in the [[contralateral]] field of vision. When this area is damaged, the brain may fail to register stimuli on the side opposite the lesion, especially when competing stimuli are present on the same side as the lesion.


==Clinical Presentation==
== Clinical Presentation ==
Patients with extinction may not report any deficits when stimuli are presented unilaterally. However, during clinical examination, when identical stimuli are presented simultaneously to both sides of the body, the patient may fail to perceive the stimulus on the side opposite the brain lesion. This is often tested using visual, tactile, or auditory stimuli.
Patients with extinction may not report any symptoms when stimuli are presented individually. However, when two stimuli are presented simultaneously, one on each side of the body, the patient may only perceive the stimulus on the side ipsilateral to the brain lesion. This can be tested using [[neurological examination]] techniques such as the [[double simultaneous stimulation test]].


For example, in a visual extinction test, a patient may be able to see a finger wiggling in their left visual field when it is the only stimulus. However, if a finger is wiggled in both the left and right visual fields simultaneously, the patient may only report seeing the finger in the right visual field.
== Diagnosis ==
The diagnosis of extinction is primarily clinical and involves a thorough [[neurological examination]]. Tests such as the [[double simultaneous stimulation test]] are used to assess the presence and extent of extinction. [[Neuroimaging]] techniques, such as [[MRI]] or [[CT scan]], may be employed to identify the location and extent of brain lesions.


==Diagnosis==
== Treatment ==
The diagnosis of extinction is primarily clinical and involves specific testing to reveal the phenomenon. Neurologists may use a variety of sensory tests to assess the presence and extent of extinction. These tests often involve presenting stimuli to both sides of the body and observing the patient's responses.
There is no specific treatment for extinction, but [[rehabilitation]] strategies can help patients improve their attentional capacities. [[Occupational therapy]] and [[physical therapy]] may be beneficial in helping patients adapt to their deficits. In some cases, [[cognitive rehabilitation]] techniques are used to enhance awareness and attention to the affected side.


Neuroimaging techniques, such as [[MRI]] or [[CT scan]], can be used to identify the location and extent of brain lesions that may be responsible for the extinction phenomenon.
== See Also ==
* [[Neglect (neurology)]]
* [[Parietal lobe]]
* [[Stroke]]


==Treatment and Management==
== References ==
There is no specific treatment for extinction itself, as it is a symptom of underlying brain damage. Management focuses on addressing the primary cause of the brain lesion, such as stroke or traumatic brain injury, and on rehabilitation strategies to improve the patient's overall function.
{{Reflist}}
 
Rehabilitation may involve occupational therapy, physical therapy, and cognitive therapy to help patients compensate for their deficits and improve their quality of life.
 
==Prognosis==
The prognosis for patients with extinction depends on the underlying cause and the extent of the brain damage. Some patients may experience improvement over time, particularly with rehabilitation, while others may have persistent deficits.
 
==Also see==
* [[Unilateral neglect]]
* [[Parietal lobe]]
* [[Attention]]
* [[Sensory processing disorder]]


{{Neurology}}
== External Links ==
* [Extinction (neurology) at WikMD](https://www.wikimd.com/wiki/Extinction_(neurology))


[[Category:Neurology]]
[[Category:Neurology]]
[[Category:Neuropsychology]]
[[Category:Neuropsychology]]
[[Category:Symptoms and signs: Nervous system]]
[[Category:Neurological disorders]]

Revision as of 21:29, 27 December 2024


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Extinction is a neurological disorder that occurs when a person is unable to perceive a stimulus on one side of their body when a similar stimulus is presented simultaneously on the opposite side. This phenomenon is often observed in patients who have suffered damage to the parietal lobe of the brain, particularly following a stroke.

Pathophysiology

Extinction is typically associated with lesions in the right hemisphere of the brain, which can lead to deficits in spatial attention. The parietal lobe plays a crucial role in integrating sensory information and is responsible for the perception of stimuli in the contralateral field of vision. When this area is damaged, the brain may fail to register stimuli on the side opposite the lesion, especially when competing stimuli are present on the same side as the lesion.

Clinical Presentation

Patients with extinction may not report any symptoms when stimuli are presented individually. However, when two stimuli are presented simultaneously, one on each side of the body, the patient may only perceive the stimulus on the side ipsilateral to the brain lesion. This can be tested using neurological examination techniques such as the double simultaneous stimulation test.

Diagnosis

The diagnosis of extinction is primarily clinical and involves a thorough neurological examination. Tests such as the double simultaneous stimulation test are used to assess the presence and extent of extinction. Neuroimaging techniques, such as MRI or CT scan, may be employed to identify the location and extent of brain lesions.

Treatment

There is no specific treatment for extinction, but rehabilitation strategies can help patients improve their attentional capacities. Occupational therapy and physical therapy may be beneficial in helping patients adapt to their deficits. In some cases, cognitive rehabilitation techniques are used to enhance awareness and attention to the affected side.

See Also

References

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External Links

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