Vanadium hexacarbonyl: Difference between revisions

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'''Vanadium hexacarbonyl''', with the chemical formula V(CO)<sub>6</sub>, is a metal carbonyl where vanadium is in the oxidation state 0. This compound is a rare example of a homoleptic metal carbonyl that is stable at room temperature, making it of interest in both the field of inorganic chemistry and potential industrial applications. Vanadium hexacarbonyl is part of a broader class of compounds known as [[transition metal carbonyls]].
{{Short description|Chemical compound}}
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== Structure and Properties ==
'''Vanadium hexacarbonyl''' is a chemical compound with the formula '''V(CO)_'''. It is a metal carbonyl, a class of compounds that contain carbon monoxide ligands bound to a metal center. Vanadium hexacarbonyl is notable for being one of the few homoleptic metal carbonyls of vanadium.
Vanadium hexacarbonyl adopts an octahedral geometry, a common structural motif for metal carbonyls with six carbon monoxide ligands. The V-C and C-O bond lengths are indicative of strong sigma donation from the carbon monoxide ligands to the metal and back-donation from the metal to the antibonding orbitals of carbon monoxide. This back-donation stabilizes the compound and is a key feature of metal carbonyl chemistry.


The compound is volatile and, like many metal carbonyls, toxic, necessitating careful handling under controlled conditions. It is soluble in nonpolar organic solvents, which facilitates its use in organic synthesis and catalytic processes.
==Structure and bonding==
Vanadium hexacarbonyl is an octahedral complex, with six carbon monoxide ligands symmetrically arranged around a central vanadium atom. The V–C bond distances are typically around 2.0 Å, and the C–O bond distances are approximately 1.15 Å. The compound is diamagnetic, indicating that the vanadium is in the +0 oxidation state, with a d_ electron configuration.


== Synthesis ==
==Synthesis==
Vanadium hexacarbonyl can be synthesized by the direct reaction of vanadium metal with carbon monoxide at high pressure and temperature. An alternative method involves the reduction of vanadium pentoxide (V<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub>) with carbon monoxide in the presence of a reducing agent such as sodium or magnesium. These methods highlight the reactivity of vanadium and its ability to form complexes with carbon monoxide under specific conditions.
Vanadium hexacarbonyl can be synthesized by the reduction of vanadium pentachloride (VCl_) in the presence of carbon monoxide. The reaction is typically carried out under high pressure of CO and at elevated temperatures. An alternative method involves the reduction of vanadium(III) chloride (VCl_) with sodium amalgam in the presence of CO.


== Reactions ==
==Reactions==
Vanadium hexacarbonyl participates in several types of chemical reactions. It can undergo substitution reactions where one or more CO ligands are replaced by other ligands, providing a pathway to a variety of vanadium-containing compounds. Additionally, it can serve as a catalyst or precursor in organic synthesis, including hydroformylation and other carbonylation reactions.
Vanadium hexacarbonyl is relatively stable but can undergo substitution reactions where one or more CO ligands are replaced by other ligands. It can also be oxidized to form vanadium pentacarbonyl cation, [V(CO)_]_, in the presence of oxidizing agents.


== Applications ==
==Applications==
While the direct applications of vanadium hexacarbonyl are limited due to its reactivity and toxicity, it serves as an important precursor and catalyst in organic synthesis. Its ability to undergo controlled reactions with various ligands and substrates makes it valuable in the synthesis of complex organic molecules and in the study of catalytic processes.
While vanadium hexacarbonyl itself does not have significant industrial applications, it is of interest in academic research. It serves as a precursor to other vanadium compounds and is used in studies of metal carbonyl chemistry.


== Safety and Handling ==
==Safety==
Due to its toxicity and volatility, vanadium hexacarbonyl requires careful handling. It can decompose to release carbon monoxide, a toxic gas, and therefore should be used only under inert atmosphere conditions in a well-ventilated fume hood. Appropriate personal protective equipment, including gloves and eye protection, is essential when working with this compound.
Like many metal carbonyls, vanadium hexacarbonyl is toxic and should be handled with care. It can release carbon monoxide, a poisonous gas, upon decomposition.


== See Also ==
==Related pages==
* [[Metal carbonyl]]
* [[Metal carbonyl]]
* [[Transition metal]]
* [[Vanadium]]
* [[Catalysis]]
* [[Carbon monoxide]]
* [[Organometallic chemistry]]
 
==References==
* Cotton, F. Albert; Wilkinson, Geoffrey (1988). ''Advanced Inorganic Chemistry''. Wiley-Interscience. ISBN 0-471-84997-9.
* Elschenbroich, C.; Salzer, A. (1992). ''Organometallics: A Concise Introduction''. VCH. ISBN 3-527-28165-7.


[[Category:Inorganic compounds]]
[[Category:Vanadium compounds]]
[[Category:Vanadium compounds]]
[[Category:Metal carbonyls]]
[[Category:Metal carbonyls]]
{{Chem-stub}}

Revision as of 11:54, 9 February 2025

Chemical compound


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Vanadium hexacarbonyl is a chemical compound with the formula V(CO)_. It is a metal carbonyl, a class of compounds that contain carbon monoxide ligands bound to a metal center. Vanadium hexacarbonyl is notable for being one of the few homoleptic metal carbonyls of vanadium.

Structure and bonding

Vanadium hexacarbonyl is an octahedral complex, with six carbon monoxide ligands symmetrically arranged around a central vanadium atom. The V–C bond distances are typically around 2.0 Å, and the C–O bond distances are approximately 1.15 Å. The compound is diamagnetic, indicating that the vanadium is in the +0 oxidation state, with a d_ electron configuration.

Synthesis

Vanadium hexacarbonyl can be synthesized by the reduction of vanadium pentachloride (VCl_) in the presence of carbon monoxide. The reaction is typically carried out under high pressure of CO and at elevated temperatures. An alternative method involves the reduction of vanadium(III) chloride (VCl_) with sodium amalgam in the presence of CO.

Reactions

Vanadium hexacarbonyl is relatively stable but can undergo substitution reactions where one or more CO ligands are replaced by other ligands. It can also be oxidized to form vanadium pentacarbonyl cation, [V(CO)_]_, in the presence of oxidizing agents.

Applications

While vanadium hexacarbonyl itself does not have significant industrial applications, it is of interest in academic research. It serves as a precursor to other vanadium compounds and is used in studies of metal carbonyl chemistry.

Safety

Like many metal carbonyls, vanadium hexacarbonyl is toxic and should be handled with care. It can release carbon monoxide, a poisonous gas, upon decomposition.

Related pages

References

  • Cotton, F. Albert; Wilkinson, Geoffrey (1988). Advanced Inorganic Chemistry. Wiley-Interscience. ISBN 0-471-84997-9.
  • Elschenbroich, C.; Salzer, A. (1992). Organometallics: A Concise Introduction. VCH. ISBN 3-527-28165-7.
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