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| The system of [[muscles]], [[tendons]], [[ligaments]], [[bones]], [[joints]] and associated tissues that [[locomotion|move]] the body and maintain its form.
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| [[File:Frontal View muscular System EMG.svg|alt=Muscular system|thumb|Muscular system ]]
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| Humans are vertebrates, with a [[vertebral column]] also called [[backbone]]. The human skeletal system consists of bones, cartilage, ligaments and tendons and accounts for about 20 percent of the body weight.
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| == Bony framework ==
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| * [[Bones]] provide a rigid framework, known as the skeleton, that support and protect the soft organs of the body.
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| * The [[skeleton]] supports the body against the pull of gravity.
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| * The large bones of the lower limbs support the trunk when standing.
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| * The skeleton also protects the soft body parts.
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| * The fused bones of the cranium surround the brain to make it less vulnerable to injury.
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| * [[Vertebrae]] surround and protect the spinal cord and bones of the rib cage help protect the heart and lungs of the thorax.
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| * Bones work together with muscles as simple mechanical lever systems to produce body movement.
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| == Muscles ==
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| The muscular system is composed of specialized cells called muscle fibers.
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| Their predominant function is contractibility.
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| Muscles, attached to bones or internal organs and blood vessels, are responsible for movement.
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| Nearly all movement in the body is the result of muscle contraction.
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| Exceptions to this are the action of cilia, the flagellum on sperm cells, and amoeboid movement of some white blood cells.
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| == Integrated movement ==
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| The integrated action of joints, bones, and skeletal muscles produces obvious movements such as walking and running.
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| Skeletal muscles also produce more subtle movements that result in various facial expressions, eye movements, and respiration.
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| [[File:Muscular system-back EMG.svg|alt=Muscular system|thumb|Muscular system]]
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| == Other functions of muscles ==
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| * In addition to movement, muscle contraction also fulfills some other important functions in the body, such as posture, joint stability, and heat production.
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| * Posture, such as sitting and standing, is maintained as a result of muscle contraction.
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| * The skeletal muscles are continually making fine adjustments that hold the body in stationary positions.
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| * The tendons of many muscles extend over joints and in this way contribute to joint stability.
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| * This is particularly evident in the knee and shoulder joints, where muscle tendons are a major factor in stabilizing the joint. Heat production, to maintain body temperature, is an important by-product of muscle metabolism.
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| [[File:Human skeleton front en.svg|alt=Human skeleton|thumb|Human skeleton]]
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| == Heat production ==
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| * Nearly 85 percent of the heat produced in the body is the result of muscle contraction.
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| == Glossary ==
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| * '''[[Ambe]]''' - A term used in specific cultural or medical contexts, referring to certain muscle or musculoskeletal conditions.
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| * '''[[Anococcygeal body]]''' - A fibromuscular structure located between the anus and the coccyx, providing support to the pelvic floor.
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| * '''[[Anserine bursa]]''' - A small sac filled with synovial fluid located near the knee joint, reducing friction between the tendons and bones.
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| * '''[[Bicipitoradial bursa]]''' - A bursa located between the biceps tendon and the radius, facilitating smooth movement of the biceps tendon over the radius.
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| * '''[[Bone marrow adipose tissue]]''' - Fat tissue located within the bone marrow, playing roles in energy storage and regulation of bone metabolism.
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| * '''[[Cranial kinesis]]''' - Movement between the bones of the skull, found in some animals and affecting feeding, breathing, and sensory perception.
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| * '''[[Dacryon]]''' - The point at the junction of the frontal, lacrimal, and maxillary bones of the skull.
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| * '''[[Davis's law]]''' - A principle stating that soft tissue models along the lines of stress, important in the context of rehabilitation and physical therapy.
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| * '''[[Distal humeral fracture]]''' - A break in the lower end of the humerus, near the elbow, often requiring medical intervention for proper healing.
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| * '''[[Eminence (anatomy)]]''' - A projection or elevated area on a bone or soft tissue, often serving as a point of attachment for tendons or muscles.
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| * '''[[Endosteum]]''' - A thin layer of connective tissue lining the inner surface of bones, playing a role in bone growth and repair.
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| * '''[[Enostosis]]''' - A benign growth of bone tissue within the bone, often detected incidentally through imaging.
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| * '''[[Enthesis]]''' - The site of attachment of a tendon, ligament, joint capsule, or fascia to bone.
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| * '''[[External intercostal membrane]]''' - A fibrous structure that replaces the external intercostal muscles anteriorly near the sternum, contributing to the thoracic cage's mechanical properties.
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| * '''[[Flexor retinaculum of the hand]]''' - A fibrous band on the palmar side of the hand that holds the tendons of the long flexor muscles in place.
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| * '''[[Fracture of biological materials]]''' - The breaking or cracking of bones or other biological materials under stress.
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| * '''[[Fryette's laws]]''' - Principles that describe the movements of the spine and how spinal segments move in relation to each other.
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| * '''[[Human musculoskeletal system]]''' - The organ system that includes bones, muscles, tendons, ligaments, and other connective tissues, providing structure and facilitating movement.
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| * '''[[Iliopectineal bursa]]''' - A bursa located near the hip joint, reducing friction between the iliopsoas muscle and the pelvis.
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| * '''[[Intramuscular fat]]''' - Fat located within skeletal muscle, affecting muscle function and metabolism.
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| * '''[[Lacuna (histology)]]''' - A small space, cavity, or depression, often housing cells such as chondrocytes in cartilage or osteocytes in bone.
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| * '''[[Locomotive syndrome]]''' - A condition characterized by reduced mobility due to impairment of the musculoskeletal system.
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| * '''[[Muscle contraction]]''' - The process by which muscle fibers produce force and shorten, facilitating movement and support.
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| * '''[[Muscular evolution in humans]]''' - The evolutionary process that has led to the development of the unique muscular structure in humans, enabling bipedalism and dexterity.
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| * '''[[Musculoskeletal physiology]]''' - The study of how the musculoskeletal system functions, including muscle contraction, bone metabolism, and joint mechanics.
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| * '''[[Myogenic tone]]''' - The intrinsic contractility of smooth muscle, contributing to the regulation of blood flow and pressure.
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| * '''[[Palatovaginal canal]]''' - A passage in the skull connecting the nasopharynx to the middle nasal concha, involved in drainage and ventilation of the nasal cavities.
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| * '''[[Preflexes]]''' - Automatic movement responses that are not mediated by the brain, providing rapid reactions to external stimuli.
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| * '''[[Prolotherapy]]''' - A treatment for chronic musculoskeletal pain involving the injection of an irritant solution into the soft tissue of an injured joint to stimulate healing.
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| * '''[[Sharpey's fibres]]''' - Thick collagen fibers that anchor the periosteum to the bone, providing structural support and playing a role in the attachment of tendons and ligaments.
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| * '''[[Synovial bursa]]''' - A small fluid-filled sac located near joints, reducing friction between bones and soft tissues such as skin, muscles, or tendons.
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| * '''[[Tendon sheath]]''' - A protective layer of synovial membrane around a tendon, facilitating smooth movement.
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| * '''[[Umbilical fascia]]''' - Connective tissue in the abdominal region that covers the umbilicus (navel) and surrounding area, providing support.
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| * '''[[Wolff's law]]''' - A principle stating that bone in a healthy person or animal will adapt to the loads under which it is placed, leading to changes in bone density and structure.
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| == See also ==
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| * [[Tendons]]
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| * [[Bursae]]
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| * [[Bones]]
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| * [[Ligaments]]
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| * [[Joints]]
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| * [[Skeletal muscle]]
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| * [[Muscular system]]
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| {{Organ systems}} | |
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| {{DEFAULTSORT:Human Musculoskeletal System}} | |
| [[Category:Musculoskeletal system|*]]
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