Aromatic compound: Difference between revisions

Revision as of 18:50, 11 February 2025

Apple II

The Apple II is an 8-bit home computer, one of the first highly successful mass-produced microcomputer products, designed primarily by Steve Wozniak. It was introduced in 1977 by Apple Computer, Inc. (now Apple Inc.). The Apple II series was the first consumer product sold by Apple and was a major factor in the company's early success.

History

The Apple II was launched in April 1977, following the success of the Apple I, which was a limited production model. The Apple II was designed to be a complete, ready-to-use computer, unlike its predecessor, which was sold as a kit. It featured a plastic case, a keyboard, and the ability to display color graphics, which was a significant advancement at the time.

Design and Features

The Apple II was notable for its use of the MOS Technology 6502 microprocessor running at 1 MHz, and it came with 4 KB of RAM, expandable to 48 KB. It had a built-in BASIC programming language interpreter, which allowed users to write their own programs. The computer also supported a variety of peripherals, including a floppy disk drive, which was introduced in 1978 as the Disk II.

The Apple II's design included eight expansion slots, which allowed users to add additional hardware capabilities, such as more memory, better graphics, or networking capabilities. This expandability was one of the key factors in the Apple II's success, as it allowed the computer to grow with the user's needs.

Models

The Apple II series included several models:

Apple II Plus: Released in 1979, it featured more memory and an updated version of BASIC.
Apple IIe: Introduced in 1983, it was the most popular model, with improved features and expandability.
Apple IIc: A compact version released in 1984, designed for portability.
Apple IIGS: Launched in 1986, it offered enhanced graphics and sound capabilities, and was the most powerful model in the series.

Impact and Legacy

The Apple II was instrumental in establishing the personal computer market. It was widely used in education, business, and at home. The availability of software, such as VisiCalc, the first spreadsheet program, made the Apple II a valuable tool for business users.

The Apple II series continued to be produced until 1993, with over 5 million units sold. Its success helped Apple become a major player in the computer industry and laid the groundwork for future innovations.

Related Pages

Gallery

Apple II Logo
Apple II
Apple IIe
Apple IIc with monitor
Apple IIGS
Micromodem II in Apple II
Apple II Plus
Apple II Plus
Apple II J-Plus
Apple IIc
Apple IIGS with peripherals
Apple IIc Plus
Apple II advertisement, December 1977
Apple II Europlus

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-'''Aromatic Compounds''' are a significant class of organic chemical compounds that are characterized by their unique stability and resonance energy. They are also known as '''[[arenes]]''' or '''[[aromatics]]'''. The most common example of an aromatic compound is '''[[benzene]]'''.
+== Apple II ==
-== History ==
+The '''Apple II''' is an 8-bit home computer, one of the first highly successful mass-produced microcomputer products, designed primarily by [[Steve Wozniak]]. It was introduced in 1977 by [[Apple Computer, Inc.]] (now [[Apple Inc.]]). The Apple II series was the first consumer product sold by Apple and was a major factor in the company's early success.
-The term "aromatic" was initially used by early chemists to describe substances with pleasant smells. However, it was later discovered that the structure and chemical behavior of these substances were different from other compounds, leading to the modern definition of aromaticity.
+=== History ===
+The Apple II was launched in April 1977, following the success of the [[Apple I]], which was a limited production model. The Apple II was designed to be a complete, ready-to-use computer, unlike its predecessor, which was sold as a kit. It featured a plastic case, a keyboard, and the ability to display color graphics, which was a significant advancement at the time.
-== Structure and Properties ==
+=== Design and Features ===
+The Apple II was notable for its use of the [[MOS Technology 6502]] microprocessor running at 1 MHz, and it came with 4 KB of RAM, expandable to 48 KB. It had a built-in [[BASIC]] programming language interpreter, which allowed users to write their own programs. The computer also supported a variety of peripherals, including a [[floppy disk]] drive, which was introduced in 1978 as the [[Disk II]].
-Aromatic compounds are cyclic (ring-shaped), with a delocalized [[pi electron]] cloud above and below the plane of the molecule. This delocalized electron cloud is responsible for the unique stability of aromatic compounds, a phenomenon known as '''[[aromatic stability]]'''.
+The Apple II's design included eight expansion slots, which allowed users to add additional hardware capabilities, such as more memory, better graphics, or networking capabilities. This expandability was one of the key factors in the Apple II's success, as it allowed the computer to grow with the user's needs.
-The most common aromatic compounds are those with six pi electrons, such as benzene. However, other compounds with 4n+2 pi electrons (where n is a whole number) can also exhibit aromaticity, according to '''[[Hückel's rule]]'''.
+=== Models ===
+The Apple II series included several models:
-== Applications ==
+* '''Apple II Plus''': Released in 1979, it featured more memory and an updated version of BASIC.
+* '''Apple IIe''': Introduced in 1983, it was the most popular model, with improved features and expandability.
+* '''Apple IIc''': A compact version released in 1984, designed for portability.
+* '''Apple IIGS''': Launched in 1986, it offered enhanced graphics and sound capabilities, and was the most powerful model in the series.
-Aromatic compounds have a wide range of applications in the chemical industry. They are used in the manufacture of dyes, detergents, pharmaceuticals, and explosives. They are also used as solvents and as starting materials for many chemical reactions.
+=== Impact and Legacy ===
+The Apple II was instrumental in establishing the personal computer market. It was widely used in education, business, and at home. The availability of software, such as [[VisiCalc]], the first spreadsheet program, made the Apple II a valuable tool for business users.
-== Health and Environmental Impact ==
+The Apple II series continued to be produced until 1993, with over 5 million units sold. Its success helped Apple become a major player in the computer industry and laid the groundwork for future innovations.
-Some aromatic compounds, such as benzene, are known to be carcinogenic. They can also cause environmental pollution when released into the atmosphere or water bodies. Therefore, the use and disposal of aromatic compounds are regulated by environmental laws in many countries.
+== Related Pages ==
+* [[Apple I]]
+* [[Apple III]]
+* [[Apple Lisa]]
+* [[Macintosh]]
-== See Also ==
+== Gallery ==
+<gallery>
+File:Apple2Logo.svg|Apple II Logo
+File:Apple_II-IMG_7064.jpg|Apple II
+File:Apple_iie.jpg|Apple IIe
+File:Apple_IIc_with_monitor.jpg|Apple IIc with monitor
+File:Apple_Museum_(Prague)_Apple_IIGS_Woz_(1986).jpg|Apple IIGS
+File:Micromodem_II_in_Apple_II.jpg|Micromodem II in Apple II
+File:Apple_II_Plus.jpg|Apple II Plus
+File:Apple_II_plus.jpg|Apple II Plus
+File:Apple_II_J-Plus.jpg|Apple II J-Plus
+File:Apple_iicb.jpg|Apple IIc
+File:Apple_IIGS_with_peripherals.jpg|Apple IIGS with peripherals
+File:Apple_IIc_Plus_(front).jpg|Apple IIc Plus
+File:Apple_II_advertisement_Dec_1977_page_1.jpg|Apple II advertisement, December 1977
+File:Apple_II_Europlus_Tietokonemuseo.JPG|Apple II Europlus
+</gallery>
-* [[Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon]]
+[[Category:Apple II]]
-* [[Aromatic hydrocarbon]]
+[[Category:Apple Inc. hardware]]
-* [[Aromaticity]]
+[[Category:Home computers]]
-* [[Hückel's rule]]
-== References ==
-<references />
-[[Category:Organic compounds]]
-[[Category:Chemistry]]
-{{Chemistry-stub}}