Lower respiratory tract infection

Lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI) is a term often used to describe infections that affect the components of the respiratory system located below the level of the larynx. This includes the trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and lungs. LRTIs are typically more serious than upper respiratory tract infections, as they can lead to conditions such as pneumonia, bronchitis, and tuberculosis.

Causes

LRTIs are usually caused by viruses, but they can also be caused by bacterial infections. The most common viral causes are influenza, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and rhinovirus. Bacterial causes often include Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Mycoplasma pneumoniae.

Symptoms

Symptoms of LRTIs can vary depending on the specific infection, but they often include a persistent cough, difficulty breathing, wheezing, chest pain, and fever. In severe cases, symptoms may also include rapid breathing, bluish skin color, and confusion.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of LRTIs typically involves a physical examination and a review of the patient's medical history. In some cases, additional tests such as a chest X-ray, sputum culture, or blood test may be required.

Treatment

Treatment for LRTIs depends on the cause of the infection. Viral infections are usually treated with rest, hydration, and over-the-counter medications to manage symptoms. Bacterial infections may require antibiotics. In severe cases, hospitalization may be necessary.

Prevention

Prevention of LRTIs involves maintaining a healthy immune system through a balanced diet, regular exercise, and adequate sleep. Vaccinations against certain types of pneumonia and influenza can also help prevent these infections.

See also

• Upper respiratory tract infection
• Pneumonia
• Bronchitis
• Tuberculosis

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Lower respiratory tract infection

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  Depiction of a person with a lung or lower respiratory tract infection
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  Lower respiratory infections world map - Deaths per million persons - WHO 2012
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  Lower respiratory infections world map - DALY - WHO 2004