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Revision as of 12:03, 18 February 2025
Protestantism is a form of Christianity that originated with the 16th-century Reformation, a movement against what its followers perceived to be errors in the Roman Catholic Church. Protestants reject the Roman Catholic doctrine of papal supremacy and sacraments, but disagree among themselves regarding the real presence of Christ in the Eucharist. They emphasize the priesthood of all believers, justification by faith alone (sola fide) rather than also by good works, and the highest authority of the Bible alone (rather than also with sacred tradition) in faith and morals (sola scriptura). The "five solae" summarize basic theological differences in opposition to the Roman Catholic Church.
History
Protestantism began in Germany in 1517, when Martin Luther published his Ninety-five Theses as a reaction against abuses in the sale of indulgences by the Catholic Church, which purported to offer remission of sin to their purchasers.
Theology
Protestant theology differs from all other Christian theology, especially Roman Catholic and Orthodox theology, but it shares some beliefs with them. For example, Protestants agree with the doctrine of the Trinity and the humanity and divinity of Christ.
Branches
Protestantism is divided into many different churches or denominations. The largest number of Protestants are members of just a few denominational families: Adventists, Anabaptists, Anglicans, Baptists, Reformed (including Presbyterians), Lutherans, Methodists, and Pentecostals.
Protestant Culture
Protestant culture has had a major influence in education, with many of the oldest universities and colleges having been founded by Protestants.
Criticism and Controversy
Protestantism has been criticized for its divisions and disagreements on doctrine and church polity. These internal disputes have caused many to leave the movement and start their own churches.
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