Hawthorne effect

Hawthorne effect is a psychological phenomenon that refers to the alteration of human behavior when individuals are aware they are being observed. Named after a series of studies conducted at the Western Electric Hawthorne Works in Chicago, this effect has significant implications in various fields, including psychology, business, and healthcare.

Overview

The Hawthorne effect was first identified during a series of studies conducted at the Western Electric Hawthorne Works in Chicago from 1924 to 1932. These studies aimed to examine the relationship between lighting conditions and worker productivity. However, the researchers found that regardless of the lighting conditions, worker productivity increased simply because the workers were aware they were being observed. This led to the identification of the Hawthorne effect.

Implications

The Hawthorne effect has significant implications in various fields. In psychology, it highlights the influence of observation on human behavior. In business, it suggests that employees may improve their performance when they perceive that they are being observed or their efforts are being recognized. In healthcare, it indicates that patients may alter their health behaviors, such as medication adherence, when they know they are being monitored.

Criticisms

Despite its widespread acceptance, the Hawthorne effect has been criticized for its lack of empirical support. Some researchers argue that the original studies at the Hawthorne Works were poorly designed and the results misinterpreted. Others suggest that the effect may not be as universal as previously thought, with some individuals or cultures less likely to alter their behavior when observed.

See also

• Observer effect (psychology)
• Social facilitation
• Demand characteristics

References

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• Hawthorne, Illinois Works of the Western Electric Company, 1925
  Hawthorne, Illinois Works of the Western Electric Company, 1925