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| '''Mental illness''', also termed emotional disability or cognitive dysfunction, encompasses a broad range of illnesses characterized by affective or emotional instability, behavioral dysregulation, and/or cognitive impairment. Illnesses falling under this umbrella include [[major depression]], [[generalized anxiety disorder]], [[bipolar disorder]], [[schizophrenia]], and [[attention deficit hyperactivity disorder]], among others.
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| ==Causes==
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| Various factors can contribute to the onset of mental illnesses. The confluence of biological, psychological, and social factors provides a holistic understanding.
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| * Biological Factors: Genetic predispositions can make certain individuals more susceptible. For instance, mutations in the DRD4 gene have been associated with ADHD. Environmental factors, such as exposure to toxins or infections during pregnancy, can also play a role.
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| * Psychological Factors: Childhood traumas, unresolved internal conflicts, or significant life stressors can lead to disorders like [[PTSD]] or [[depression]].
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| * Social Factors: Discrimination, bullying, societal pressures, or living in conflict zones can exacerbate or trigger mental health issues. A 2019 study found that refugees have a 30% higher risk of developing PTSD.
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| ==Prevalence==
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| In the U.S., nearly 1 in 5 adults live with a mental illness, amounting to 51.5 million people in 2019. Anxiety and mood disorders, including depression, are among the most common.
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| ==Diagnosis==
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| Tools and Instruments: The Hamilton Anxiety Scale, for instance, measures the severity of anxiety symptoms. Blood tests can rule out physical conditions that might cause mental health symptoms.
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| DSM-IV Expansion: This expansion over time reflects both advancements in our understanding and societal changes in recognizing previously neglected conditions, such as [[social anxiety disorder]].
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| ==Controversy==
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| Debates around mental health legitimacy often revolve around societal understandings, stigmatization, and occasionally, distrust of psychiatric practices. However, the overwhelming scientific consensus supports the legitimacy and importance of diagnosing and treating mental illnesses.
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| ==Categorization==
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| The classification of mental illnesses helps in treatment and research:
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| * [[Mood disorders]]: Includes [[major depression]] and [[bipolar disorder]].
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| * [[Anxiety disorders]]: Examples are [[GAD]], [[PTSD]], and [[phobias]].
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| * [[Psychotic disorders]]: [[Schizophrenia]] is a primary example.
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| ==Symptoms==
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| Symptoms vary widely but can include feelings of sadness, excessive fears, detachment from reality, or significant tiredness.
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| ==Treatment==
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| * Medications: Such as SSRIs for depression.
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| * Psychotherapy: Cognitive-behavioral therapy, for example.
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| * Lifestyle Adjustments: Regular exercise and a healthy diet can support mental health.
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| ==Patient Advocacy==
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| Organizations like the [[World Federation for Mental Health]] and [[NAMI]] raise awareness, provide resources, and advocate for patients' rights.
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| ==In art and literature==
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| ###Books
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| "Girl, Interrupted" by Susanna Kaysen provides an introspective look into life in a mental hospital.
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| ###Motion Pictures
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| "The Silver Linings Playbook" touches upon issues of bipolar disorder and emotional trauma.
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| ###Television
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| "BoJack Horseman," an animated series, delves deep into addiction, depression, and the struggles of self-identity.
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| {| align="center" class="toccolours" style="margin: 1em 2em 1em 2em;" | |
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| !align="center" bgcolor=#ccccff|<big>[[Mental illness (alphabetical list)]]</big>
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| |align="right" width=10 bgcolor=#ccccff |<small>[{{SERVER}}{{localurl:Template:Mental illness (alphabetical list)|action=edit}} Edit]</small>
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| |align="center" colspan="2"| [[Acute stress disorder]] | [[Adjustment disorder]] | [[Agoraphobia]] | [[Alcoholism|alcohol]] and [[substance abuse]] | [[Addiction|alcohol and substance dependence]] | [[Amnesia]] | [[Anxiety disorder]] | [[Anorexia nervosa]] | [[Antisocial personality disorder]] | [[Asperger's syndrome]] | [[Attention deficit disorder]] | [[Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder]] | [[Autism]] | [[Avoidant personality disorder]] | [[Bereavement]] | [[Bibliomania]] | [[Binge eating disorder]] | [[Bipolar disorder]] | [[Body dysmorphic disorder]] | [[Borderline personality disorder]] | [[Psychosis|Brief psychotic disorder]] | [[Bulimia nervosa]] | [[Delayed sleep phase syndrome|Circadian rhythm sleep disorder]] | [[Conduct disorder]] | [[Conversion disorder]] | [[Cyclothymia]] | [[Delusional disorder]] | [[Dependent personality disorder]] | [[Depersonalization disorder]] | [[clinical depression|Depression]] | [[Dysgraphia|Disorder of written expression]] | [[Dissociative fugue]] | [[Dissociative identity disorder]] | [[Drapetomania]] | [[Dyspareunia]] | [[Dysthymia|Dysthymic disorder]] | [[Encopresis]] | [[Enuresis]] | [[Exhibitionism]] | [[Expressive language disorder]] | [[Female and male orgasmic disorders]] | [[Female sexual arousal disorder]] | [[Fetishism]] | [[Folie à deux]] | [[Frotteurism]] | [[Ganser syndrome]] | [[Gender identity disorder]] | [[Generalized anxiety disorder]] | [[General adaptation syndrome]] | [[Histrionic personality disorder]] | [[Hyperactivity disorder]] | [[Primary hypersomnia]] | [[Hypoactive sexual desire disorder]] | [[Hypochondriasis]] | [[Hyperkinetic syndrome]] | [[Hysteria]] | [[Intermittent explosive disorder]] | [[Joubert syndrome]] | [[Kleptomania]] | [[Down syndrome]] | [[Mania]] | [[Male erectile disorder]] | [[Munchausen syndrome]] | [[Dyscalculia|Mathematics disorder]] | [[Narcissistic personality disorder]] | [[Narcolepsy]] | [[Nightmare disorder]] | [[Obsessive-compulsive disorder]] | [[Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder]] | [[Oneirophrenia]] | [[Oppositional defiant disorder]] | [[Pain disorder]] | [[Panic attacks]] | [[Panic disorder]] | [[Paranoid personality disorder]] | [[Pathological gambling]] | [[Pervasive Developmental Disorder]] | [[Pica (disorder)|Pica]] | [[Post-traumatic stress disorder]] | [[Premature ejaculation]] | | [[Primary insomnia]] | [[Psychotic disorder]] | [[Pyromania]] | [[Dyslexia|Reading disorder]] | [[Retts disorder]] | [[Rumination disorder]] | [[Schizoaffective disorder]] | [[Schizoid personality disorder]] | [[Schizophrenia]] | [[Schizophreniform disorder]] | | [[Schizotypal personality disorder]] | [[Seasonal affective disorder]] | [[Separation anxiety disorder]] | [[Sadism and masochism as medical terms|Sexual Masochism and Sadism]] | [[Shared psychotic disorder]] | [[Sleep disorder]] | [[Sleep terror disorder]] | [[Sleepwalking disorder]] | [[Social phobia]] | [[Somatization disorder]] | | [[Phobia#Types_of_phobia|Specific phobias]] | [[Stereotypic movement disorder]] | [[Stuttering]] | [[Tourette syndrome]] | [[Tic disorder|Transient tic disorder]] | [[Transvestic Fetishism]] | [[Trichotillomania]] | [[Vaginismus]]
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| ==See also==
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| * [[Mental Health]]
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| * [[Psychotherapy]]
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| * [[Stigma (societal)]]
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| ==External links==
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| * [[World Health Organization: Mental Health]]
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| * [[Mental Health America: Resources and Tools]]
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| * [[PsychCentral: News and Articles]]
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| ==References==
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| * National Institute of Mental Health. (2020). ''Mental Illness.''
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| * Jones, L., & Hughes, M. (2019). ''Trauma and Recovery in the Modern World.'' Oxford Press.
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| * Miller, A.J., & Smith, T.P. (2018). ''Anxiety Disorders: A Comprehensive Guide.'' Cambridge Health Publications.
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| {{Mental and behavioural disorders}}
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| [[Category:Disability by type]]
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| [[Category:Mental disorders| ]]
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| [[Category:Abnormal psychology]]
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| [[Category:Psychopathology]]
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| [[Category:Psychiatric assessment]]
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| [[Category:Suffering]]
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