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A '''molar pregnancy''' is an abnormal form of pregnancy where a fertilized egg develops into a mass of abnormal cells, instead of a viable fetus. It is a type of gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD).
{{Infobox medical condition
[[File:Invasive hydatidiform mole - high mag.jpg|thumb|Invasive hydatidiform mole - high mag]]
| name = Molar Pregnancy
== Classification ==
| image = Hydatidiform mole (1) complete type.jpg
*Molar pregnancies are classified into two types, '''complete''' and '''partial'''.
| caption = Histological image of a complete hydatidiform mole
*'''Complete moles''' occur when an egg without a nucleus is fertilized by a sperm. Instead of forming an embryo, all the placental tissue grows into a mass of cysts, resembling a cluster of grapes. Complete moles usually have no normal fetal tissue.
| field = Obstetrics
*'''Partial moles''' result when two sperm fertilize a normal egg, leading to an abnormal placenta and an abnormal fetus. The fetus usually has severe defects and cannot survive.
| symptoms = Vaginal bleeding, rapid uterine growth, hyperemesis gravidarum
| complications = Gestational trophoblastic neoplasia
| onset = During pregnancy
| causes = Abnormal fertilization
| diagnosis = Ultrasound, hCG levels
| treatment = Dilation and curettage, monitoring of hCG levels
}}


== Epidemiology ==
'''Molar pregnancy''', also known as '''hydatidiform mole''', is a rare complication of pregnancy characterized by the abnormal growth of trophoblastic tissue, which normally develops into the placenta. It is a type of [[gestational trophoblastic disease]] (GTD) and can be classified into two types: complete and partial moles.
Molar pregnancies are rare, occurring in approximately 1 in 1,000 pregnancies. They are more common in women at the extremes of reproductive age and those with a previous history of molar pregnancy.


== Symptoms and Diagnosis ==
==Types==
*Molar pregnancies often present with symptoms of pregnancy such as missed periods, positive pregnancy test, morning sickness, and rapid uterine enlargement. However, some distinguishing features include unusually severe morning sickness, spotting or bleeding, and the absence of fetal heart tones.
*Diagnosis is confirmed by an ultrasound which shows a "snowstorm" or "bunch of grapes" appearance due to the presence of multiple cysts. Additionally, serum human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) levels are markedly elevated.


== Treatment and Follow-Up ==
===Complete Molar Pregnancy===
Treatment involves the removal of molar tissue from the uterus, usually by suction dilation and curettage (D&C). After evacuation, it's important to monitor hCG levels regularly until they normalize, as persistent or increasing hCG levels can indicate the presence of gestational trophoblastic neoplasia (GTN), a serious but treatable complication of molar pregnancy.
A complete molar pregnancy occurs when an egg with no genetic material is fertilized by a sperm. The resulting tissue is abnormal and forms a mass in the uterus. There is no formation of a fetus in complete moles.  


== References ==
[[File:Complete Hydatidiform Mole (39810634804).jpg|thumb|Complete hydatidiform mole]]
<references>
 
*Seckl, M. J., Sebire, N. J., & Berkowitz, R. S. (2010). Gestational trophoblastic disease. The Lancet, 376(9742), 717-729.
===Partial Molar Pregnancy===
*Lurain, J. R. (2011). Gestational trophoblastic disease II: classification and management of gestational trophoblastic neoplasia. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology, 204(1), 11-18.
A partial molar pregnancy occurs when a normal egg is fertilized by two sperm, leading to the formation of an abnormal fetus and placenta. The fetus is usually malformed and cannot survive.
*American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. (2019). Gestational Trophoblastic Disease: ACOG Practice Bulletin, Number 53. Obstetrics & Gynecology, 133(1), e1-e18.
 
</references>
==Signs and Symptoms==
{{stub}}
Common symptoms of molar pregnancy include:
[[Category: Obstetrics]]
* Vaginal bleeding
[[Category: Pregnancy Disorders]]
* Rapid uterine growth
[[Category: Gynecology]]
* Severe nausea and vomiting (hyperemesis gravidarum)
[[Category: Oncology]]
* High levels of [[human chorionic gonadotropin]] (hCG)
[[Category: Women's Health]]
 
==Diagnosis==
Molar pregnancy is typically diagnosed through:
* Ultrasound: A "snowstorm" pattern may be seen in complete moles.
* Elevated hCG levels: Higher than expected for the gestational age.
 
[[File:Vesicular mole.jpg|thumb|Vesicular mole]]
 
==Treatment==
The primary treatment for molar pregnancy is the surgical removal of the molar tissue through dilation and curettage (D&C). After removal, hCG levels are monitored to ensure that all molar tissue has been removed and to detect any potential development of [[gestational trophoblastic neoplasia]].
 
==Prognosis==
With appropriate treatment, the prognosis for molar pregnancy is generally good. However, there is a risk of developing gestational trophoblastic neoplasia, which requires further treatment.
 
==Also see==
* [[Gestational trophoblastic disease]]
* [[Choriocarcinoma]]
* [[Human chorionic gonadotropin]]
 
==References==
* [https://www.acog.org/clinical/clinical-guidance/practice-bulletin/articles/2020/06/gestational-trophoblastic-disease ACOG Practice Bulletin on Gestational Trophoblastic Disease]
* [https://www.cancer.org/cancer/gestational-trophoblastic-disease.html American Cancer Society: Gestational Trophoblastic Disease]
 
{{Gestational trophoblastic disease}}
 
[[Category:Obstetrics]]
[[Category:Pregnancy complications]]

Latest revision as of 02:54, 11 December 2024

Molar Pregnancy
Hydatidiform mole (1) complete type.jpg
Synonyms N/A
Pronounce N/A
Specialty N/A
Symptoms Vaginal bleeding, rapid uterine growth, hyperemesis gravidarum
Complications Gestational trophoblastic neoplasia
Onset During pregnancy
Duration N/A
Types N/A
Causes Abnormal fertilization
Risks N/A
Diagnosis Ultrasound, hCG levels
Differential diagnosis N/A
Prevention N/A
Treatment Dilation and curettage, monitoring of hCG levels
Medication N/A
Prognosis N/A
Frequency N/A
Deaths N/A


Molar pregnancy, also known as hydatidiform mole, is a rare complication of pregnancy characterized by the abnormal growth of trophoblastic tissue, which normally develops into the placenta. It is a type of gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD) and can be classified into two types: complete and partial moles.

Types[edit]

Complete Molar Pregnancy[edit]

A complete molar pregnancy occurs when an egg with no genetic material is fertilized by a sperm. The resulting tissue is abnormal and forms a mass in the uterus. There is no formation of a fetus in complete moles.

Complete hydatidiform mole

Partial Molar Pregnancy[edit]

A partial molar pregnancy occurs when a normal egg is fertilized by two sperm, leading to the formation of an abnormal fetus and placenta. The fetus is usually malformed and cannot survive.

Signs and Symptoms[edit]

Common symptoms of molar pregnancy include:

Diagnosis[edit]

Molar pregnancy is typically diagnosed through:

  • Ultrasound: A "snowstorm" pattern may be seen in complete moles.
  • Elevated hCG levels: Higher than expected for the gestational age.
Vesicular mole

Treatment[edit]

The primary treatment for molar pregnancy is the surgical removal of the molar tissue through dilation and curettage (D&C). After removal, hCG levels are monitored to ensure that all molar tissue has been removed and to detect any potential development of gestational trophoblastic neoplasia.

Prognosis[edit]

With appropriate treatment, the prognosis for molar pregnancy is generally good. However, there is a risk of developing gestational trophoblastic neoplasia, which requires further treatment.

Also see[edit]

References[edit]

Template:Gestational trophoblastic disease

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