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| A '''vector''' in biology is an animal on or in which a small living thing gets [[transport]]ed. The vector gets no benefit and sometimes loses [[fitness]] by the arrangement.
| | #REDIRECT [[Disease vector]] |
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| The term is most used for the transport of [[parasite]]s and agents of [[disease]]. So, deadly diseases, such as [[malaria]] and [[dengue fever]], are carried by some [[mosquito]]es.
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| The study of vectors gives us knowledge about the [[life cycle]] of parasitic diseases, and this helps us control those diseases.
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| ==Examples==
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| [[File:Anopheles stephensi.jpeg|thumb|An ''Anopheles stephensi'' [[mosquito]] shortly after obtaining blood from a human (the droplet of blood is expelled as a surplus). This mosquito is a vector of [[malaria]]. Fighting mosquitos in areas with malaria will fight malaria effectively.]]
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| === Insects ===
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| ==== Flies ====
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| *[[Mosquito]]es
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| ** [[Mosquito]]es of the ''[[Anopheles]]'' genus transmit human [[malaria]] and [[elephantiasis]] (a roundworm disease).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.microbiologybytes.com/introduction/Malaria.html|title=MicrobiologyBytes: Malaria|publisher=}}</ref>
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| ** ''[[Aedes]]'' mosquitoes are vectors of [[avian malaria]], [[dengue fever]], [[yellow fever]] and [[chikungunya]] (a viral disease).<ref>[https://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvbid/arbor/albopic_new.htm CDC: ''Aedes albopictus'']</ref>
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| * [[Sand fly|Sand flies]] transmit [[leishmaniasis]], [[bartonellosis]] and [[pappataci fever]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.virushunters.net/showabstract.php?pmid=16866034|title=Stages in the identification of phlebotomine sandflies as vectors of leishmaniases and other tropical diseases|publisher=}}</ref>
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| *[[Tsetse fly|Tsetse flies]] Several [[genera]] are vectors of human [[African trypanosomiasis]] also known as "African sleeping sickness".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/trypanosomiasis-human-african-(sleeping-sickness)|title=Trypanosomiasis, human African (sleeping sickness)|website=www.who.int}}</ref>
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| ==== [[True bug|Bugs]] ====
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| * [[Aphid]]s are the vectors of many viral diseases in plants.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.metapathogen.com/aphid/|title=Metapathogen.com Is For Sale|website=www.metapathogen.com}}</ref>
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| * [[Triatominae|Triatomine bugs]] such as ''[[Rhodnius prolixus]]'' are vectors of [[Chagas disease]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/chagas-disease-(american-trypanosomiasis)|title=Chagas disease|website=www.who.int}}</ref>
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| ==== Other insects ====
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| * [[Flea]]s such as the human flea, ''[[Human flea|Pulex irritans]]'' and the Oriental rat flea, ''[[Oriental rat flea|Xenopsylla cheopis]]'', transmit [[bubonic plague]], [[murine typhus]] and [[Cestoda|tapeworms]].<ref>http://www.ttlntl.co.uk/3/Diseases/fleas.htm Taking the Lead: Fleas</ref> [[Rodent]]s, such as [[rat]]s and [[mouse|mice]] carry the fleas, and spread them.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Annual Review of Entomology|title=NATURAL HISTORY OF PLAGUE: Perspectives from More than a Century of Research|author=Kenneth L. Gage and Michael Y. Kosoy|volume=50|pages=505-528|year=2005|url=http://www.hawaii.edu/publichealth/ecohealth/si/course-eids/readings/Gage_Kosoy_2005.pdf|format=pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=C. R. Eskey|title=Fleas as Vectors of Plague|journal=American Journal of Public Health and the Nations Health|date=November 1938|volume=28|number=11|pages=1305-1310|url=http://ajph.aphapublications.org/doi/abs/10.2105/AJPH.28.11.1305}}</ref>
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| * [[Glassy-winged sharpshooter]] (a [[leafhopper]]) transmits the ''[[Xylella fastidiosa]]'' bacterium among plants, resulting in diseases of grapes, almonds, and many other cultivated plants.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nature.berkeley.edu/almeidalab/|title=Almeida Lab|website=Almeida Lab}}</ref>
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| === Other groups ===
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| * [[Tick]]s of the genus ''[[Ixodes]]'' are vectors of [[Lyme disease]] and [[babesiosis]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.metapathogen.com/tick/|title=Metapathogen.com Is For Sale|website=www.metapathogen.com}}</ref> and along with [[louse|lice]] transmit various members of the bacterial genus ''[[Rickettsia]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.textbookofbacteriology.net/Rickettsia.html|title=Rickettsial Diseases, including Typhus and Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever|website=www.textbookofbacteriology.net}}</ref>
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| *Cyclopoid [[copepod]]s: a number of species transmit the [[nematode]] ''[[Dracunculus medinensis]]''.<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9290847|title=The intermediate hosts of Dracunculus medinensis in northern region, Ghana|first1=L.|last1=Yelifari|first2=E.|last2=Frempong|first3=A.|last3=Olsen|date=1 June 1997|publisher=|journal=Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology|volume=91|issue=4|pages=403–409|via=PubMed|pmid=9290847}}</ref>
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| *[[Mammal]]s
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| **[[Bat]]s which represent about 20% of all known mammalian species act as both a [[natural reservoir]]s for viruses such as the [[Henipavirus|Hendra virus]] (HeV) and the [[Severe acute respiratory syndrome|SARS]] like [[coronavirus]]es<ref>Halpin K, Young PL, Field HE, Mackenzie JS. Isolation of Hendra virus from pteropid bats: a natural reservoir of Hendra virus. Journal of General Virology. 2000 Aug;81(Pt 8):1927-32. PMID 10900029</ref><ref>Li W, Shi Z, Yu M, Ren W, ''et al.'' Bats are natural reservoirs of SARS-like coronaviruses. Science. 2005 Oct 28;310(5748):676-9. Epub 2005 Sep 29. PMID 16195424</ref> and in many cases as a vector for various [[virus]]es such as the [[lyssavirus]]es including the [[rabies virus]].<ref>McColl KA, Tordo N, Aguilar Setién AA. Bat lyssavirus infections. Rev Sci Tech. 2000 Apr;19(1):177-96. PMID 11189715</ref><ref>Arellano-Sota C. Rev Infect Dis. 1988 Nov-Dec;10 Suppl 4:S707-9. Vampire bat-transmitted rabies in cattle. PMID 3206085</ref>
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| ** [[Felidae|Felids]] (cats) are the primary hosts for ''[[Toxoplasma gondii]]'' a [[parasitism|parasitic]] [[protozoa]]n which causes [[Toxoplasmosis]].<ref name=Sherris>{{cite book | author = Ryan KJ, Ray CG (eds) | title = Sherris Medical Microbiology | edition = 4th | publisher = McGraw Hill | year = 2004 | pages = 722–7 | isbn = 0-8385-8529-9}}</ref> Approximately 30% of the human population is infected with Toxoplasmosis.<ref>Vivan AL, Caceres RA, Basso LA, ''et al.''Structural studies of PNP from [[Toxoplasma gondii]]. Int J Bioinform Res Appl. 2009;5(2):154-62. PMID 19324601</ref>
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| == References ==
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| {{Reflist|2}}
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| [[Category:Microbiology]]
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| [[Category:Parasitism]]
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| [[Category:Health]]
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| {{stb}}
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