Encephalitis lethargica: Difference between revisions
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{{Infobox medical condition | |||
| name = Encephalitis lethargica | |||
| image = [[File:Economo1918h.PNG|250px]] | |||
| caption = Drawing of a patient with encephalitis lethargica | |||
| field = [[Neurology]] | |||
| symptoms = [[High fever]], [[headache]], [[lethargy]], [[double vision]], delayed physical and mental response, [[sleep inversion]] | |||
| complications = [[Parkinsonism]], [[catatonia]], [[coma]] | |||
| onset = Acute | |||
| duration = Variable | |||
| causes = Unknown, possibly [[viral infection]] | |||
| risks = Unknown | |||
| diagnosis = [[Clinical diagnosis]], [[neuroimaging]], [[lumbar puncture]] | |||
| differential = [[Influenza]], [[meningitis]], [[encephalitis]], [[narcolepsy]] | |||
| treatment = [[Supportive care]], [[antiviral drugs]], [[corticosteroids]] | |||
| prognosis = Variable, can lead to [[chronic illness]] | |||
| frequency = Rare | |||
| deaths = Historical epidemic in the 1920s | |||
}} | |||
{{Short description|A mysterious neurological disease}} | {{Short description|A mysterious neurological disease}} | ||
'''Encephalitis lethargica''', also known as '''sleepy sickness''', is a rare and mysterious neurological disease that was first identified in the early 20th century. It is characterized by high fever, headache, double vision, delayed physical and mental response, and lethargy. The disease can lead to a state of coma-like sleep, and in some cases, it can result in long-term neurological damage or death. | '''Encephalitis lethargica''', also known as '''sleepy sickness''', is a rare and mysterious neurological disease that was first identified in the early 20th century. It is characterized by high fever, headache, double vision, delayed physical and mental response, and lethargy. The disease can lead to a state of coma-like sleep, and in some cases, it can result in long-term neurological damage or death. | ||
==History== | ==History== | ||
The first recorded outbreak of encephalitis lethargica occurred in 1916, and it spread worldwide, affecting millions of people. The disease reached epidemic proportions between 1917 and 1928. The cause of the epidemic remains unknown, and it disappeared as mysteriously as it appeared. | The first recorded outbreak of encephalitis lethargica occurred in 1916, and it spread worldwide, affecting millions of people. The disease reached epidemic proportions between 1917 and 1928. The cause of the epidemic remains unknown, and it disappeared as mysteriously as it appeared. | ||
==Symptoms== | ==Symptoms== | ||
The symptoms of encephalitis lethargica can vary widely among individuals. Common symptoms include: | The symptoms of encephalitis lethargica can vary widely among individuals. Common symptoms include: | ||
| Line 16: | Line 32: | ||
* Muscle pain and weakness | * Muscle pain and weakness | ||
* Behavioral changes | * Behavioral changes | ||
In severe cases, patients may enter a coma-like state, and some may experience [[Parkinsonism]] or other long-term neurological sequelae. | In severe cases, patients may enter a coma-like state, and some may experience [[Parkinsonism]] or other long-term neurological sequelae. | ||
==Pathophysiology== | ==Pathophysiology== | ||
The exact cause of encephalitis lethargica is unknown, but it is believed to be related to an [[autoimmune]] response triggered by an infection. Some researchers have suggested a link to the [[influenza]] virus, but this has not been conclusively proven. The disease primarily affects the [[brain]], particularly the [[midbrain]] and [[diencephalon]], leading to the characteristic symptoms. | The exact cause of encephalitis lethargica is unknown, but it is believed to be related to an [[autoimmune]] response triggered by an infection. Some researchers have suggested a link to the [[influenza]] virus, but this has not been conclusively proven. The disease primarily affects the [[brain]], particularly the [[midbrain]] and [[diencephalon]], leading to the characteristic symptoms. | ||
==Diagnosis== | ==Diagnosis== | ||
Diagnosis of encephalitis lethargica is challenging due to its rarity and the lack of specific diagnostic tests. It is primarily based on clinical presentation and the exclusion of other conditions. [[Magnetic resonance imaging]] (MRI) and [[computed tomography]] (CT) scans may be used to rule out other causes of encephalitis. | Diagnosis of encephalitis lethargica is challenging due to its rarity and the lack of specific diagnostic tests. It is primarily based on clinical presentation and the exclusion of other conditions. [[Magnetic resonance imaging]] (MRI) and [[computed tomography]] (CT) scans may be used to rule out other causes of encephalitis. | ||
==Treatment== | ==Treatment== | ||
There is no specific treatment for encephalitis lethargica. Management focuses on alleviating symptoms and providing supportive care. [[Corticosteroids]] and other immunosuppressive therapies may be used to reduce inflammation. In cases with Parkinsonian symptoms, [[dopaminergic]] medications may be beneficial. | There is no specific treatment for encephalitis lethargica. Management focuses on alleviating symptoms and providing supportive care. [[Corticosteroids]] and other immunosuppressive therapies may be used to reduce inflammation. In cases with Parkinsonian symptoms, [[dopaminergic]] medications may be beneficial. | ||
==Prognosis== | ==Prognosis== | ||
The prognosis for encephalitis lethargica varies. Some patients recover fully, while others may experience long-term neurological complications. The disease can be fatal in severe cases. | The prognosis for encephalitis lethargica varies. Some patients recover fully, while others may experience long-term neurological complications. The disease can be fatal in severe cases. | ||
==See also== | |||
== | |||
* [[Encephalitis]] | * [[Encephalitis]] | ||
* [[Parkinsonism]] | * [[Parkinsonism]] | ||
* [[Autoimmune disease]] | * [[Autoimmune disease]] | ||
* [[Influenza]] | * [[Influenza]] | ||
[[Category:Neurological disorders]] | [[Category:Neurological disorders]] | ||
[[Category:Infectious diseases]] | [[Category:Infectious diseases]] | ||
[[Category:Autoimmune diseases]] | [[Category:Autoimmune diseases]] | ||
Latest revision as of 15:12, 6 April 2025
Editor-In-Chief: Prab R Tumpati, MD
Obesity, Sleep & Internal medicine
Founder, WikiMD Wellnesspedia &
W8MD medical weight loss NYC and sleep center NYC
| Encephalitis lethargica | |
|---|---|
| |
| Synonyms | N/A |
| Pronounce | N/A |
| Specialty | N/A |
| Symptoms | High fever, headache, lethargy, double vision, delayed physical and mental response, sleep inversion |
| Complications | Parkinsonism, catatonia, coma |
| Onset | Acute |
| Duration | Variable |
| Types | N/A |
| Causes | Unknown, possibly viral infection |
| Risks | Unknown |
| Diagnosis | Clinical diagnosis, neuroimaging, lumbar puncture |
| Differential diagnosis | Influenza, meningitis, encephalitis, narcolepsy |
| Prevention | N/A |
| Treatment | Supportive care, antiviral drugs, corticosteroids |
| Medication | N/A |
| Prognosis | Variable, can lead to chronic illness |
| Frequency | Rare |
| Deaths | Historical epidemic in the 1920s |
A mysterious neurological disease
Encephalitis lethargica, also known as sleepy sickness, is a rare and mysterious neurological disease that was first identified in the early 20th century. It is characterized by high fever, headache, double vision, delayed physical and mental response, and lethargy. The disease can lead to a state of coma-like sleep, and in some cases, it can result in long-term neurological damage or death.
History[edit]
The first recorded outbreak of encephalitis lethargica occurred in 1916, and it spread worldwide, affecting millions of people. The disease reached epidemic proportions between 1917 and 1928. The cause of the epidemic remains unknown, and it disappeared as mysteriously as it appeared.
Symptoms[edit]
The symptoms of encephalitis lethargica can vary widely among individuals. Common symptoms include:
- High fever
- Severe headache
- Lethargy and prolonged sleepiness
- Double vision
- Delayed physical and mental responses
- Muscle pain and weakness
- Behavioral changes
In severe cases, patients may enter a coma-like state, and some may experience Parkinsonism or other long-term neurological sequelae.
Pathophysiology[edit]
The exact cause of encephalitis lethargica is unknown, but it is believed to be related to an autoimmune response triggered by an infection. Some researchers have suggested a link to the influenza virus, but this has not been conclusively proven. The disease primarily affects the brain, particularly the midbrain and diencephalon, leading to the characteristic symptoms.
Diagnosis[edit]
Diagnosis of encephalitis lethargica is challenging due to its rarity and the lack of specific diagnostic tests. It is primarily based on clinical presentation and the exclusion of other conditions. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT) scans may be used to rule out other causes of encephalitis.
Treatment[edit]
There is no specific treatment for encephalitis lethargica. Management focuses on alleviating symptoms and providing supportive care. Corticosteroids and other immunosuppressive therapies may be used to reduce inflammation. In cases with Parkinsonian symptoms, dopaminergic medications may be beneficial.
Prognosis[edit]
The prognosis for encephalitis lethargica varies. Some patients recover fully, while others may experience long-term neurological complications. The disease can be fatal in severe cases.
