Volcanism: Difference between revisions

Latest revision as of 14:18, 21 February 2025

Volcanism[edit]

Volcanism is the phenomenon of eruption of molten rock (magma) onto the surface of the Earth or a solid-surface planet or moon, where lava, pyroclastics, and volcanic gases erupt through a break in the surface called a volcano.

Types of Volcanism[edit]

Volcanism can be classified into several types based on the nature of the eruptions and the types of volcanic structures formed.

Effusive Volcanism[edit]

Effusive volcanism is characterized by the outpouring of lava onto the ground. This type of volcanism typically forms shield volcanoes, which are broad, gently sloping landforms built by the accumulation of low-viscosity lava flows.

Explosive Volcanism[edit]

Explosive volcanism occurs when magma is violently fragmented and rapidly expelled from a volcano. This type of volcanism is associated with stratovolcanoes and can produce significant amounts of volcanic ash and pyroclastic flows.

Submarine Volcanism[edit]

Submarine volcanism occurs beneath the ocean and is responsible for the formation of new oceanic crust at mid-ocean ridges. It can also occur at seamounts and oceanic islands.

Mud Volcanism[edit]

Mud volcanism involves the eruption of mud, water, and gases, often in areas of tectonic activity. These eruptions are not driven by magma but by the expulsion of fluids and gases from the Earth's crust.

Volcanism on Other Planets[edit]

Volcanism is not limited to Earth and can be found on other planets and moons in our solar system.

Volcanism on Mars[edit]

Mars hosts the largest volcano in the solar system, Olympus Mons, which is a shield volcano.

Volcanism on Enceladus[edit]

Enceladus, a moon of Saturn, exhibits cryovolcanism, where water and other volatiles are expelled from the surface.

Recent Volcanic Events[edit]

Volcanic activity continues to shape the Earth's surface and impact human activity.

2022 Tonga Eruption[edit]

The 2022 eruption of the Hunga Tonga–Hunga Haʻapai volcano was a significant explosive event that had widespread atmospheric effects.

Related Pages[edit]

Template:Volcanism

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-'''Volcanism''' is the phenomenon of eruption of molten rock ([[magma]]) onto the surface of the [[Earth]] or a solid-surface planet or moon, where lava, pyroclastics and volcanic gases erupt through a break in the surface called a [[volcano]]. Volcanic phenomena include active, dormant, and extinct volcanoes, volcanic fields, and volcanic gases.
+== Volcanism ==
-==Types of Volcanism==
+[[File:Magmatism_and_volcanism_EN.svg|thumb|right|Diagram illustrating the process of volcanism.]]
-Volcanism can be classified into two primary types: effusive and explosive.
-===Effusive Volcanism===
+'''Volcanism''' is the phenomenon of eruption of molten rock (magma) onto the surface of the Earth or a solid-surface planet or moon, where lava, pyroclastics, and volcanic gases erupt through a break in the surface called a [[volcano]].
-[[Effusive volcanism]] involves the outpouring of lava onto the ground. This type of volcanism is characterized by the slow, steady outflow of magma, which often results in the formation of large, shield-like volcanoes. The [[Hawaiian Islands]] are a prime example of effusive volcanism.
-===Explosive Volcanism===
+== Types of Volcanism ==
-[[Explosive volcanism]] is characterized by violent eruptions that can blast large amounts of rock, ash, and gas into the atmosphere. This type of volcanism often results in the formation of stratovolcanoes, such as [[Mount St. Helens]] in the United States.
-==Volcanic Features==
+Volcanism can be classified into several types based on the nature of the eruptions and the types of volcanic structures formed.
-Volcanic features include not only volcanoes themselves, but also a wide variety of other geological features, such as [[calderas]], [[lava domes]], [[lava tubes]], and [[geysers]].
-===Volcanoes===
+=== Effusive Volcanism ===
-A [[volcano]] is a rupture in the crust of a planetary-mass object, such as Earth, that allows hot lava, volcanic ash, and gases to escape from a magma chamber below the surface.
+Effusive volcanism is characterized by the outpouring of lava onto the ground. This type of volcanism typically forms [[shield volcanoes]], which are broad, gently sloping landforms built by the accumulation of low-viscosity lava flows.
-===Calderas===
+[[File:Kilauea_Fissure_8_cone_erupting_on_6-28-2018.jpg|thumb|left|Effusive eruption at Kilauea, Hawaii.]]
-A [[caldera]] is a large cauldron-like hollow that forms shortly after the emptying of a magma chamber/reservoir in a volcanic eruption.
-===Lava Domes===
+=== Explosive Volcanism ===
-A [[lava dome]] is a roughly circular mound-shaped protrusion resulting from the slow extrusion of viscous lava from a volcano.
+Explosive volcanism occurs when magma is violently fragmented and rapidly expelled from a volcano. This type of volcanism is associated with [[stratovolcanoes]] and can produce significant amounts of volcanic ash and pyroclastic flows.
-===Lava Tubes===
+[[File:Erupsi_Gunung_Sinabung.jpg|thumb|right|Explosive eruption of Mount Sinabung, Indonesia.]]
-A [[lava tube]] is a natural conduit formed by flowing lava which moves beneath the hardened surface of a lava flow.
-===Geysers===
+=== Submarine Volcanism ===
-A [[geyser]] is a spring characterized by intermittent discharge of water ejected turbulently and accompanied by steam.
+Submarine volcanism occurs beneath the ocean and is responsible for the formation of new oceanic crust at [[mid-ocean ridges]]. It can also occur at [[seamounts]] and [[oceanic islands]].
-==Effects of Volcanism==
+=== Mud Volcanism ===
-Volcanism has many effects, both positive and negative, on the environment and human societies. These include the creation of new land, the production of valuable minerals, the alteration of climate, and the potential for catastrophic eruptions.
+Mud volcanism involves the eruption of mud, water, and gases, often in areas of tectonic activity. These eruptions are not driven by magma but by the expulsion of fluids and gases from the Earth's crust.
-==See Also==
+[[File:Gryphons_at_the_central_crater_of_the_Dashgil_mud_volcano_in_Azerbaijan_(130).JPG|thumb|left|Mud volcano in Azerbaijan.]]
-* [[Plate tectonics]]
-* [[Volcanic eruption]]
+== Volcanism on Other Planets ==
-* [[Volcanic ash]]
-* [[Volcanic gas]]
+Volcanism is not limited to Earth and can be found on other planets and moons in our solar system.
+=== Volcanism on Mars ===
+Mars hosts the largest volcano in the solar system, [[Olympus Mons]], which is a shield volcano.
+[[File:Olympus_Mons.jpeg|thumb|right|Olympus Mons on Mars.]]
+=== Volcanism on Enceladus ===
+[[Enceladus]], a moon of Saturn, exhibits cryovolcanism, where water and other volatiles are expelled from the surface.
+[[File:PIA19059-SaturnMoon-Enceladus-OceanMethane-20150311.png|thumb|left|Cryovolcanism on Enceladus.]]
+== Recent Volcanic Events ==
+Volcanic activity continues to shape the Earth's surface and impact human activity.
+=== 2022 Tonga Eruption ===
+The 2022 eruption of the Hunga Tonga–Hunga Haʻapai volcano was a significant explosive event that had widespread atmospheric effects.
+[[File:Tonga_Volcano_Eruption_2022-01-15_0320Z_to_0610Z_Himawari-8_visible.gif|thumb|right|Eruption of the Tonga volcano in 2022.]]
+== Related Pages ==
+* [[Volcano]]
+* [[Lava]]
+* [[Pyroclastic flow]]
+* [[Tectonic plate]]
+* [[Ring of Fire]]
+{{Volcanism}}
 [[Category:Volcanology]]
-[[Category:Geological hazards]]
+[[Category:Geological processes]]
-[[Category:Geology]]
-{{Geology-stub}}
-<gallery>
-File:Magmatism_and_volcanism_EN.svg|Volcanism
-File:Volcanosed.svg|Volcanism
-File:Erupsi_Gunung_Sinabung.jpg|Eruption of Mount Sinabung
-File:Gryphons_at_the_central_crater_of_the_Dashgil_mud_volcano_in_Azerbaijan_(130).JPG|Mud volcano in Azerbaijan
-File:Kilauea_Fissure_8_cone_erupting_on_6-28-2018.jpg|Kilauea Fissure 8 eruption
-File:Tonga_Volcano_Eruption_2022-01-15_0320Z_to_0610Z_Himawari-8_visible.gif|Tonga Volcano Eruption 2022
-File:PIA19059-SaturnMoon-Enceladus-OceanMethane-20150311.png|Enceladus Ocean Methane
-File:Olympus_Mons.jpeg|Olympus Mons
-</gallery>