Neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia: Difference between revisions
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{{Infobox medical condition | |||
| name = Neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia | |||
| synonyms = NAIT, Fetal and neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia (FNAIT) | |||
| field = [[Hematology]], [[Neonatology]] | |||
| symptoms = [[Petechiae]], [[purpura]], [[intracranial hemorrhage]] | |||
| complications = [[Intracranial hemorrhage]], [[severe thrombocytopenia]] | |||
| onset = [[Neonatal]] | |||
| duration = Varies | |||
| causes = [[Maternal antibodies]] against fetal [[platelet antigens]] | |||
| risks = Previous pregnancy with NAIT, [[HPA-1a]] incompatibility | |||
| diagnosis = [[Platelet count]], [[maternal antibody testing]], [[fetal blood sampling]] | |||
| differential = [[Immune thrombocytopenic purpura]], [[congenital infections]], [[genetic thrombocytopenia]] | |||
| prevention = [[Intravenous immunoglobulin]] (IVIG) during pregnancy | |||
| treatment = [[Platelet transfusion]], [[IVIG]], [[corticosteroids]] | |||
| prognosis = Generally good with treatment | |||
| frequency = 1 in 1,000 to 1 in 5,000 live births | |||
}} | |||
'''Neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia''' (NAIT) is a rare disease that affects newborns, where the platelet count is reduced due to the mother's immune system attacking the baby's platelets. This condition can lead to severe bleeding and other complications in the newborn. | '''Neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia''' (NAIT) is a rare disease that affects newborns, where the platelet count is reduced due to the mother's immune system attacking the baby's platelets. This condition can lead to severe bleeding and other complications in the newborn. | ||
== Causes == | == Causes == | ||
NAIT is caused by an incompatibility between the mother's and baby's blood. The mother's immune system produces antibodies that attack the baby's platelets, leading to a reduced platelet count. This is similar to the mechanism that causes [[Rh disease]], but it involves platelets instead of red blood cells. | NAIT is caused by an incompatibility between the mother's and baby's blood. The mother's immune system produces antibodies that attack the baby's platelets, leading to a reduced platelet count. This is similar to the mechanism that causes [[Rh disease]], but it involves platelets instead of red blood cells. | ||
== Symptoms == | == Symptoms == | ||
The most common symptom of NAIT is [[purpura]], or purple or red spots on the skin caused by bleeding under the skin. Other symptoms can include bleeding from the nose or gums, blood in the urine or stool, or excessive bruising. In severe cases, NAIT can lead to [[intracranial hemorrhage]], or bleeding in the brain, which can cause serious complications. | The most common symptom of NAIT is [[purpura]], or purple or red spots on the skin caused by bleeding under the skin. Other symptoms can include bleeding from the nose or gums, blood in the urine or stool, or excessive bruising. In severe cases, NAIT can lead to [[intracranial hemorrhage]], or bleeding in the brain, which can cause serious complications. | ||
== Diagnosis == | == Diagnosis == | ||
NAIT is usually diagnosed through blood tests that show a low platelet count in the newborn. The mother's blood may also be tested for antibodies that can cause NAIT. In some cases, a sample of the baby's blood may be examined under a microscope to look for abnormalities in the platelets. | NAIT is usually diagnosed through blood tests that show a low platelet count in the newborn. The mother's blood may also be tested for antibodies that can cause NAIT. In some cases, a sample of the baby's blood may be examined under a microscope to look for abnormalities in the platelets. | ||
== Treatment == | == Treatment == | ||
Treatment for NAIT depends on the severity of the condition. Mild cases may not require treatment, while more severe cases may require platelet transfusions to increase the platelet count. In some cases, medications may be given to the mother during pregnancy to prevent NAIT in the newborn. | Treatment for NAIT depends on the severity of the condition. Mild cases may not require treatment, while more severe cases may require platelet transfusions to increase the platelet count. In some cases, medications may be given to the mother during pregnancy to prevent NAIT in the newborn. | ||
== See also == | == See also == | ||
* [[Thrombocytopenia]] | * [[Thrombocytopenia]] | ||
* [[Rh disease]] | * [[Rh disease]] | ||
* [[Platelet transfusion]] | * [[Platelet transfusion]] | ||
[[Category:Neonatology]] | [[Category:Neonatology]] | ||
[[Category:Hematology]] | [[Category:Hematology]] | ||
[[Category:Immune system disorders]] | [[Category:Immune system disorders]] | ||
[[Category:Rare diseases]] | [[Category:Rare diseases]] | ||
{{stub}} | {{stub}} | ||
{{dictionary-stub1}} | {{dictionary-stub1}} | ||
{{No image}} | {{No image}} | ||
Latest revision as of 04:03, 4 April 2025
| Neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia | |
|---|---|
| Synonyms | NAIT, Fetal and neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia (FNAIT) |
| Pronounce | N/A |
| Specialty | N/A |
| Symptoms | Petechiae, purpura, intracranial hemorrhage |
| Complications | Intracranial hemorrhage, severe thrombocytopenia |
| Onset | Neonatal |
| Duration | Varies |
| Types | N/A |
| Causes | Maternal antibodies against fetal platelet antigens |
| Risks | Previous pregnancy with NAIT, HPA-1a incompatibility |
| Diagnosis | Platelet count, maternal antibody testing, fetal blood sampling |
| Differential diagnosis | Immune thrombocytopenic purpura, congenital infections, genetic thrombocytopenia |
| Prevention | Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) during pregnancy |
| Treatment | Platelet transfusion, IVIG, corticosteroids |
| Medication | N/A |
| Prognosis | Generally good with treatment |
| Frequency | 1 in 1,000 to 1 in 5,000 live births |
| Deaths | N/A |
Neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia (NAIT) is a rare disease that affects newborns, where the platelet count is reduced due to the mother's immune system attacking the baby's platelets. This condition can lead to severe bleeding and other complications in the newborn.
Causes[edit]
NAIT is caused by an incompatibility between the mother's and baby's blood. The mother's immune system produces antibodies that attack the baby's platelets, leading to a reduced platelet count. This is similar to the mechanism that causes Rh disease, but it involves platelets instead of red blood cells.
Symptoms[edit]
The most common symptom of NAIT is purpura, or purple or red spots on the skin caused by bleeding under the skin. Other symptoms can include bleeding from the nose or gums, blood in the urine or stool, or excessive bruising. In severe cases, NAIT can lead to intracranial hemorrhage, or bleeding in the brain, which can cause serious complications.
Diagnosis[edit]
NAIT is usually diagnosed through blood tests that show a low platelet count in the newborn. The mother's blood may also be tested for antibodies that can cause NAIT. In some cases, a sample of the baby's blood may be examined under a microscope to look for abnormalities in the platelets.
Treatment[edit]
Treatment for NAIT depends on the severity of the condition. Mild cases may not require treatment, while more severe cases may require platelet transfusions to increase the platelet count. In some cases, medications may be given to the mother during pregnancy to prevent NAIT in the newborn.
