Adc: Difference between revisions

Latest revision as of 00:35, 23 January 2025

Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) are a class of biopharmaceutical drugs designed as a targeted therapy for treating cancer. They consist of an antibody linked to a biologically active cytotoxic (anti-cancer) drug or cytotoxin. These conjugates combine the targeting ability of monoclonal antibodies with the cancer-killing ability of cytotoxic drugs.

Structure and Mechanism[edit]

ADCs are composed of three main components: the monoclonal antibody, the linker, and the cytotoxic agent.

Monoclonal Antibody[edit]

The monoclonal antibody is designed to specifically bind to an antigen that is overexpressed on the surface of tumor cells. This specificity allows the ADC to deliver the cytotoxic agent directly to the cancer cells, minimizing damage to normal cells.

Linker[edit]

The linker is a crucial component that connects the antibody to the cytotoxic drug. It must be stable in the bloodstream to prevent premature release of the drug, but also capable of releasing the drug once the ADC is internalized by the target cell. There are two main types of linkers: cleavable and non-cleavable.

Cleavable linkers are designed to release the drug in response to specific conditions within the target cell, such as low pH or the presence of certain enzymes.
Non-cleavable linkers rely on the degradation of the antibody to release the drug inside the cell.

Cytotoxic Agent[edit]

The cytotoxic agent is the component responsible for killing the cancer cells. These agents are often too toxic to be used alone, but when delivered specifically to cancer cells via an ADC, they can effectively kill the cells while sparing normal tissue.

Development and Approval[edit]

The development of ADCs involves several stages, including the identification of suitable targets, the selection of appropriate antibodies, linkers, and cytotoxic agents, and extensive preclinical and clinical testing.

Target Selection[edit]

The success of an ADC depends heavily on the selection of an appropriate target antigen. Ideal targets are those that are highly expressed on cancer cells but have limited expression on normal cells.

Clinical Trials[edit]

ADCs undergo rigorous clinical trials to evaluate their safety, efficacy, and optimal dosing. These trials are conducted in phases, starting with small groups of patients to assess safety and gradually expanding to larger populations to evaluate efficacy.

Approved ADCs[edit]

Several ADCs have been approved for clinical use, including:

Brentuximab vedotin - used for the treatment of Hodgkin lymphoma and anaplastic large cell lymphoma.
Trastuzumab emtansine - used for the treatment of HER2-positive breast cancer.

Challenges and Future Directions[edit]

Despite their promise, ADCs face several challenges, including the development of resistance, off-target effects, and the complexity of manufacturing. Ongoing research aims to improve the design of ADCs, identify new targets, and develop more effective linkers and cytotoxic agents.wer side effects than traditional chemotherapy.

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-{{PAGENAME}} - the cdisc version of the alzheimer's disease assessment scale-cognitive (cdisc adas-cog) containing 15 summary-level tests. This version is based on combining the total pool of adas-cog tests that were observed during a review of multiple case report forms administered in clinical trials of alzheimer's disease, as well as the crf administered in the alzheimer's disease neuroimaging initiative (adni) observational study. (modified from mohs rc, rosen wg, davis kl. The alzheimer's disease assessment scale: an instrument for assessing treatment efficacy. Psychopharmacol bull 1983;19(3):448-450. Rosen wg, mohs rc, davis kl. A new rating scale for alzheimer's disease. Am j psychiatry 1984;141(11):1356-1364. Mohs rc, knopman d, petersen rc et al. Development of cognitive instruments for use in clinical trials of antidementia drugs: additions to the alzheimer's disease assessment scale that broaden its scope. The alzheimer's disease cooperative study. Alzheimer dis assoc disord 1997;11 suppl 2:s13-s21. Wouters h, van gool wa, schmand b, lindeboom r. Revising the adas-cog for a more accurate assessment of cognitive impairment. Alzheimer dis assoc disord 2008;22(3):236-244.).
+'''Antibody-drug conjugates''' (ADCs) are a class of [[biopharmaceutical]] drugs designed as a targeted therapy for treating [[cancer]]. They consist of an [[antibody]] linked to a biologically active [[cytotoxic]] (anti-cancer) drug or [[cytotoxin]]. These conjugates combine the targeting ability of [[monoclonal antibodies]] with the cancer-killing ability of cytotoxic drugs.
-{{med-stub}}
-{{dictionary-stub2}}
+==Structure and Mechanism==
+ADCs are composed of three main components: the [[monoclonal antibody]], the [[linker]], and the [[cytotoxic agent]].
+===Monoclonal Antibody===
+The monoclonal antibody is designed to specifically bind to an [[antigen]] that is overexpressed on the surface of [[tumor]] cells. This specificity allows the ADC to deliver the cytotoxic agent directly to the cancer cells, minimizing damage to normal cells.
+===Linker===
+The linker is a crucial component that connects the antibody to the cytotoxic drug. It must be stable in the bloodstream to prevent premature release of the drug, but also capable of releasing the drug once the ADC is internalized by the target cell. There are two main types of linkers: cleavable and non-cleavable.
+* '''Cleavable linkers''' are designed to release the drug in response to specific conditions within the target cell, such as low pH or the presence of certain enzymes.
+* '''Non-cleavable linkers''' rely on the degradation of the antibody to release the drug inside the cell.
+===Cytotoxic Agent===
+The cytotoxic agent is the component responsible for killing the cancer cells. These agents are often too toxic to be used alone, but when delivered specifically to cancer cells via an ADC, they can effectively kill the cells while sparing normal tissue.
+==Development and Approval==
+The development of ADCs involves several stages, including the identification of suitable targets, the selection of appropriate antibodies, linkers, and cytotoxic agents, and extensive preclinical and clinical testing.
+===Target Selection===
+The success of an ADC depends heavily on the selection of an appropriate target antigen. Ideal targets are those that are highly expressed on cancer cells but have limited expression on normal cells.
+===Clinical Trials===
+ADCs undergo rigorous clinical trials to evaluate their safety, efficacy, and optimal dosing. These trials are conducted in phases, starting with small groups of patients to assess safety and gradually expanding to larger populations to evaluate efficacy.
+==Approved ADCs==
+Several ADCs have been approved for clinical use, including:
+* '''[[Brentuximab vedotin]]''' - used for the treatment of [[Hodgkin lymphoma]] and [[anaplastic large cell lymphoma]].
+* '''[[Trastuzumab emtansine]]''' - used for the treatment of [[HER2-positive breast cancer]].
+==Challenges and Future Directions==
+Despite their promise, ADCs face several challenges, including the development of resistance, off-target effects, and the complexity of manufacturing. Ongoing research aims to improve the design of ADCs, identify new targets, and develop more effective linkers and cytotoxic agents.wer side effects than traditional chemotherapy.
+{{immunology-stub}}
+{{Medical resources}}
+[[Category:Oncology]]
+[[Category:Pharmacology]]
+[[Category:Monoclonal antibodies]]
+[[Category:Cancer treatments]]