Underwater archaeology

Underwater Archaeology

Underwater archaeologists creating a scale drawing of a site.

Underwater archaeology is the study of human interaction with the sea, lakes, and rivers through the investigation of submerged sites, artifacts, human remains, and landscapes. It is a branch of archaeology that specifically deals with the study of material remains that lie beneath the water's surface.

History

The origins of underwater archaeology can be traced back to the early 20th century when divers began to explore shipwrecks and submerged settlements. The development of scuba diving technology in the mid-20th century significantly advanced the field, allowing archaeologists to access deeper and more challenging sites.

Techniques

Underwater archaeologists employ a variety of techniques to locate, document, and recover artifacts. These include:

• Surveying and Mapping: Using tools such as sonar, magnetometers, and sub-bottom profilers to locate sites. Once a site is found, archaeologists create detailed maps and drawings, often using scale drawings to document the site accurately.

• Excavation: Carefully removing sediment and debris to uncover artifacts. This process is often more challenging underwater due to visibility issues and the need to preserve the site's integrity.

• Conservation: Artifacts recovered from underwater sites often require extensive conservation efforts to prevent deterioration once they are exposed to air.

Notable Sites

Overview of a submerged rock house in Lake Murray.

Some of the most famous underwater archaeological sites include:

• The Antikythera Wreck: An ancient Greek shipwreck discovered off the coast of the Greek island of Antikythera, known for the Antikythera mechanism, an ancient analog computer.

• The Mary Rose: A Tudor warship that sank in 1545 and was raised in 1982, providing a wealth of information about naval warfare and life in the 16th century.

• The Uluburun Shipwreck: A Late Bronze Age shipwreck off the coast of Turkey, which has provided significant insights into ancient trade networks.

Challenges

Underwater archaeology presents unique challenges, including:

• Environmental Conditions: Poor visibility, strong currents, and cold temperatures can make underwater work difficult and dangerous.

• Preservation: Artifacts are often well-preserved underwater due to the lack of oxygen, but once exposed to air, they can deteriorate rapidly.

• Legal and Ethical Issues: Many underwater sites are protected by international laws, and archaeologists must navigate complex legal frameworks to conduct their work.

Related Pages

• Maritime archaeology
• Shipwreck
• Scuba diving
• Conservation (cultural heritage)

The wreck of the "E. Russ".

The wreck of the "Aid".

A diver with a ship's bell.

Conclusion

Underwater archaeology is a vital field that enhances our understanding of human history and cultural heritage. By studying submerged sites, archaeologists can uncover new information about past civilizations, trade routes, and technological advancements. Despite the challenges, the field continues to grow, driven by technological advancements and a deeper appreciation for our underwater cultural heritage.