| class = [[Chemotherapeutic agent]]; [[Estrogen (medication)|Estrogen]]; [[Estrogen ester]]
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'''Atrimustine''' is a [[chemotherapy]] drug that is used in the treatment of certain types of [[cancer]]. It is a [[hybrid drug]] that combines the properties of an [[alkylating agent]] and an [[estrogen receptor modulator]]. Atrimustine is primarily used in the treatment of [[hormone-dependent cancers]], such as certain types of [[breast cancer]] and [[prostate cancer]].
Atrimustine works by interfering with the [[DNA]] of cancer cells. As an alkylating agent, it forms covalent bonds with the DNA, leading to [[cross-linking]] and [[strand breakage]]. This prevents the cancer cells from [[replication|replicating]] and ultimately leads to [[cell death]]. Additionally, as an estrogen receptor modulator, atrimustine can bind to [[estrogen receptors]] on cancer cells, inhibiting their growth in hormone-dependent cancers.
'''Atrimustine''' ({{abbrlink|INN|International Nonproprietary Name}}) (developmental code name '''KM-2210'''; former tentative brand name '''Kregan'''), also known as '''bestrabucil''' or '''busramustine''', is a [[cytostatic]] [[antineoplastic agent]] which was under development in [[Japan]] by [[Kureha Chemical Industries|Kureha Chemicals]] (now Kureha Corporation) for the treatment of [[breast cancer]] and [[non-Hodgkin's lymphoma]] as well as for the prevention of [[graft-versus-host disease]] in [[bone marrow transplant]] recipients.<ref name="Elks2014">{{cite book|author=J. Elks|title=The Dictionary of Drugs: Chemical Data: Chemical Data, Structures and Bibliographies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0vXTBwAAQBAJ&pg=PR2|date=14 November 2014|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-1-4757-2085-3|pages=897–898}}</ref><ref name="Publishing2013">{{cite book|author=William Andrew Publishing|title=Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Encyclopedia, 3rd Edition|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_J2ti4EkYpkC&pg=PA438|date=22 October 2013|publisher=Elsevier|isbn=978-0-8155-1856-3|pages=438–}}</ref><ref name="AdisInsight">https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800000756</ref> It is the [[benzoate]] [[ester]] of an [[ester]] [[conjugated system|conjugate]] of [[estradiol (medication)|estradiol]] and [[chlorambucil]],<ref>{{cite book|title=The Cancer Bulletin|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mZMVAQAAMAAJ|year=1987|publisher=Medical Arts Publishing Foundation|page=245}}</ref> which results in targeted/site-directed cytostatic activity toward [[estrogen receptor]]-positive tissues such as [[breast]] and [[bone]].<ref name="pmid6548354">{{cite journal | vauthors = Ohsawa N, Yamazaki Z, Wagatsuma T, Isurugi K | title = [Bestrabacil: a possible target-oriented anticancer agent] | language = Japanese | journal = Gan to Kagaku Ryoho | volume = 11 | issue = 10 | pages = 2115–24 | year = 1984 | pmid = 6548354 | doi = | url = }}</ref><ref name="Ishigami1985">{{cite book|author=Joji Ishigami|title=Recent Advances in Chemotherapy: Proceedings of the 14th Internat. Congress of Chemotherapy, Kyoto, 1985. Antimicrobial section; 1. 1 ,1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AKQTAQAAMAAJ|year=1985|publisher=University of Tokyo Press|isbn=978-0-86008-385-6|page=52,54,471}}</ref> It reached [[marketing authorization|preregistration]] for the treatment of [[cancer]] but was ultimately discontinued.<ref name="AdisInsight" /> [[Estrogen (medication)|Estrogenic]]ic [[side effect]]s of atrimustine in [[clinical trial]]s included [[vaginal bleeding]] and [[gynecomastia]].<ref name="AdisInsight" /> The drug was first patented in 1980.<ref name="Elks2014" />
=== Clinical Use ===
==See also==
Atrimustine is used in the treatment of:
* [[List of hormonal cytostatic antineoplastic agents]]
* [[List of estrogen esters#Estradiol esters|List of estrogen esters § Estradiol esters]]
==References==
* [[Breast cancer]]
{{Reflist}}
* [[Prostate cancer]]
It is often used in combination with other chemotherapy agents to enhance its effectiveness. The specific treatment regimen depends on the type and stage of cancer being treated.
{{Estrogen receptor modulators}}
=== Side Effects ===
[[Category:Abandoned drugs]]
Like many chemotherapy drugs, atrimustine can cause a range of side effects. Common side effects include:
[[Category:Antineoplastic drugs]]
[[Category:Chloroethyl compounds]]
[[Category:Estradiol esters]]
[[Category:Estranes]]
[[Category:Estrogens]]
[[Category:Hormonal antineoplastic drugs]]
[[Category:Nitrogen mustards]]
* [[Nausea]] and [[vomiting]]
* [[Hair loss]]
* [[Fatigue]]
* [[Bone marrow suppression]], leading to [[anemia]], [[leukopenia]], and [[thrombocytopenia]]
{{Antineoplastic-drug-stub}}
Patients receiving atrimustine are closely monitored for these side effects, and supportive care is provided to manage them.
{{Genito-urinary-drug-stub}}
{{Steroid-stub}}
=== Pharmacokinetics ===
{{dictionary-stub1}}
Atrimustine is administered intravenously, and its pharmacokinetics involve rapid distribution throughout the body. It is metabolized in the [[liver]] and excreted primarily through the [[kidneys]]. The drug's half-life and clearance rates can vary depending on the patient's [[renal function]] and other individual factors.
Atrimustine works by interfering with the DNA of cancer cells. As an alkylating agent, it forms covalent bonds with the DNA, leading to cross-linking and strand breakage. This prevents the cancer cells from replicating and ultimately leads to cell death. Additionally, as an estrogen receptor modulator, atrimustine can bind to estrogen receptors on cancer cells, inhibiting their growth in hormone-dependent cancers.
It is often used in combination with other chemotherapy agents to enhance its effectiveness. The specific treatment regimen depends on the type and stage of cancer being treated.
Atrimustine is administered intravenously, and its pharmacokinetics involve rapid distribution throughout the body. It is metabolized in the liver and excreted primarily through the kidneys. The drug's half-life and clearance rates can vary depending on the patient's renal function and other individual factors.
