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| '''Facial rejuvenation''' is a cosmetic treatment (or series of cosmetic treatments), which aims to restore a youthful appearance to the human [[face]]. Facial rejuvenation can be achieved through either [[surgical]] and/or non-surgical options. Procedures can vary in [[invasiveness]] and depth of treatment. Surgical procedures can restore [[facial symmetry]] through targeted procedures and facial restructuring and skin alterations. Non-surgical procedures can target specific depths of facial structures and treat localized facial concerns such as [[wrinkles]], skin laxity, [[hyperpigmentation]] and [[scars]]. | | {{Short description|Cosmetic procedures to restore a youthful facial appearance}} |
| | '''Facial rejuvenation''' refers to a variety of [[cosmetic treatment]]s aimed at restoring a youthful appearance to the [[face]]. These treatments can range from minimally invasive therapies to complex [[plastic surgery|surgical procedures]] and are often tailored to the individual’s unique facial structure, skin type, and aesthetic goals. |
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| Surgical (invasive) facial rejuvenation procedures can include a [[brow lift]] (forehead lift), eye lift ([[blepharoplasty]]), [[facelift]] (rhytidectomy), chin lift and [[neck lift]]. Non-surgical (non-invasive) facial rejuvenation treatments can include [[chemical peels]], neuromodulator (such as [[botox]]), [[Injectable filler|dermal fillers]], [[laser resurfacing]], [[photorejuvenation]], [[radiofrequency]] and [[Ultrasound]].
| | Facial rejuvenation encompasses both **surgical** and **non-surgical** methods, each targeting different aspects of facial aging such as sagging skin, wrinkles, volume loss, discoloration, and changes in facial symmetry. |
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| ==Procedures== | | == Types of Facial Rejuvenation == |
| Facial rejuvenation procedures can include (but are not limited to):
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| * [[Botox]] injections
| | === Surgical Procedures === |
| * [[Chemical peels]]
| | Surgical facial rejuvenation procedures are typically more invasive and involve longer recovery times. These procedures focus on lifting, tightening, and repositioning facial structures to achieve long-lasting improvements in appearance. Common surgical procedures include: |
| * [[Collagen injection]]
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| * [[Cosmetic acupuncture]]
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| * [[Injectable filler|Dermal filler injections]]
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| * [[Electrotherapy (cosmetic)|Electrotherapy]]
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| * [[Facial toning]]
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| * [[Fraxel]]
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| * [[Microdermabrasion]]
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| * [[Photorejuvenation]]
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| * [[Laser resurfacing]]
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| * [[Nd:YAG laser]]
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| * [[Permanent makeup]]
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| * [[Platelet-rich fibrin matrix method]]
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| ==Visual appraisal of facial youthfulness==
| | * '''[[Facelift]]''' (rhytidectomy) – Tightens sagging facial skin and repositions underlying tissues. |
| | * '''[[Neck lift]]''' – Targets loose skin and fat accumulation in the neck and under the chin. |
| | * '''[[Brow lift]]''' – Elevates drooping eyebrows and smooths forehead lines. |
| | * '''[[Blepharoplasty]]''' – Removes excess skin or fat from the upper and lower eyelids. |
| | * '''Chin lift''' – Enhances the contour of the jawline and corrects sagging in the lower face. |
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| Human [[visual perception]] is notable for its sensitivity and accuracy in estimating our perceived age by instant [[pattern recognition]] of facial features. Often, human faces with no measurable difference in [[facial geometry]] and appearance are perceived as having different ages. This mechanism is not yet entirely understood, but there may be a relation to the subtle changes in facial bone structure related below.<ref>{{cite book | doi=10.1007/978-1-4614-1007-2_2 | title=The Anatomic Basis of Midfacial Aging | journal=Midfacial Rejuvenation | pages=15–28|year = 2012|last1 = Wulc|first1 = Allan E.| last2=Wulc | first2=Allan E. | last3=Sharma | first3=Pooja | last4=Czyz | first4=Craig N. | last5=Czyz | first5=Craig N. | isbn=978-1-4614-1006-5 }}</ref>
| | === Non-Surgical Treatments === |
| | Non-surgical facial rejuvenation treatments are popular for their minimal downtime and lower risk profile. These procedures are often used to improve skin texture, reduce wrinkles, and restore facial volume. Common non-invasive treatments include: |
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| ==Golden ratio==
| | * '''[[Botox]] injections''' – Relax facial muscles to reduce dynamic wrinkles. |
| [[Facial symmetry]] has a direct relationship to perceived beauty. A guiding approach to facial rejuvenation and balancing facial symmetry is through an application of the [[golden ratio]].<ref>{{cite journal | pmc = 2814183 | pmid=19896961 | doi=10.1016/j.visres.2009.11.003 | volume=50 | issue=2 | title=New "golden" ratios for facial beauty | year=2010 | journal=Vision Res. | pages=149–54 |vauthors=Pallett PM, Link S, Lee K }}</ref> Artists and architects have been using this ratio to create works that are pleasing to the eye for centuries.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.georgehart.com/virtual-polyhedra/leonardo.html | title=Leonardo da Vinci's Polyhedra}}</ref> [[Aesthetic medicine]] and facial rejuvenation techniques has adopted this mathematical approach to facial restoration and enhancement.<ref>{{Cite journal | url=http://journals.lww.com/plasreconsurg/Abstract/2000/08000/An_Algorithm_of_Facial_Aging__Verification_of.40.aspx | title=An Algorithm of Facial Aging: Verification of Lambros's Theory by Three-Dimensional Stereolithography, with Reference to the Pathogenesis of Midfacial Aging, Scleral Show, and the Lateral Suborbital Trough Deformity| journal=Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery| volume=106| issue=2| pages=479–88; discussion 489–90| date=August 2000| last1=Pessa| first1=Joel E.| pmid=10946949}}</ref> | | * '''[[Dermal fillers]]''' – Restore lost facial volume and smooth static wrinkles. |
| | * '''[[Chemical peels]]''' – Exfoliate and rejuvenate skin using acid-based solutions. |
| | * '''[[Laser resurfacing]]''' – Use of laser energy to stimulate collagen and remove surface imperfections. |
| | * '''[[Photorejuvenation]]''' (IPL) – Targets discoloration and stimulates skin renewal using light pulses. |
| | * '''[[Radiofrequency]] therapy''' – Non-invasive skin tightening using heat. |
| | * '''[[Ultrasound therapy]]''' – Focused energy used to lift and tone deep layers of skin. |
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| ==Influence of changes in bone structure== | | == Common Procedures == |
| | The following is a list of facial rejuvenation procedures: |
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| More recent research has pointed out the influence of changes in the facial [[skeleton]] with age on the appearance of aging, especially in the mid-face area and the lower part of the [[orbit]]s around the [[Human nose|nose]]. Quantitative study with [[CAT scan]]s of the faces of men and women in several age brackets has revealed that there is an appreciable amount of [[bone]] tissue loss in these regions with age, leading to changes in angles, lengths and volumes, and also decreasing the distance between the [[human eye|eye]]s.<ref>{{Cite journal | url=http://journals.lww.com/plasreconsurg/Abstract/2000/08000/An_Algorithm_of_Facial_Aging__Verification_of.40.aspx | title=An Algorithm of Facial Aging: Verification of Lambros's Theory by Three-Dimensional Stereolithography, with Reference to the Pathogenesis of Midfacial Aging, Scleral Show, and the Lateral Suborbital Trough Deformity| journal=Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery| volume=106| issue=2| pages=479–88; discussion 489–90| date=August 2000| last1=Pessa| first1=Joel E.| pmid=10946949}}</ref> It has been hypothesized that skin sagging and wrinkles may occur not only because of loss of soft tissue and fat, but also because bone retraction creates an excess of skin which is no longer flexible. Many of the facial manifestations of aging reflect the combined effects of gravity, progressive [[bone resorption]], decreased tissue elasticity, and redistribution of subcutaneous fullness.<ref>http://aes.sagepub.com/content/26/1_suppl/S4.full.pdf+html</ref> Future facial rejuvenation techniques may take into account these findings and restore bone lost by aging processes.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://aes.sagepub.com/content/26/1_suppl/S4.short |title=Archived copy |access-date=2014-11-18 |archive-url=https://archive.is/20141119004420/http://aes.sagepub.com/content/26/1_suppl/S4.short |archive-date=2014-11-19 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| | * '''[[Botox]] injections''' |
| | * '''[[Chemical peels]]''' |
| | * '''[[Collagen injection]]''' |
| | * '''[[Cosmetic acupuncture]]''' |
| | * '''[[Dermal filler]] injections''' |
| | * '''[[Electrotherapy (cosmetic)|Electrotherapy]]''' |
| | * '''[[Facial toning]]''' |
| | * '''[[Fraxel laser treatment]]''' |
| | * '''[[Microdermabrasion]]''' |
| | * '''[[Photorejuvenation]]''' |
| | * '''[[Laser resurfacing]]''' |
| | * '''[[Nd:YAG laser]]''' |
| | * '''[[Permanent makeup]]''' |
| | * '''[[Platelet-rich fibrin matrix method]] (PRFM)''' |
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| ==Trends in facial rejuvenation== | | == Goals and Benefits == |
| | Facial rejuvenation aims to: |
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| According to the [[American Society of Plastic Surgeons]], more than 133,000 facelifts and nearly 216,000 eyelid surgeries were performed in the USA in 2013, a six per cent increase from 2012. Facial rejuvenation procedures experienced the most growth, as 2013 marked the highest number of botulinum toxin type A injections to date, with 6.3 million injections.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.plasticsurgery.org/Documents/news-resources/statistics/2013-statistics/plastic-surgery-statistics-full-report-2013.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2014-11-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150209023835/http://www.plasticsurgery.org/Documents/news-resources/statistics/2013-statistics/plastic-surgery-statistics-full-report-2013.pdf |archive-date=2015-02-09 |url-status=dead }}</ref> A significant upward trend on the number of facial rejuvenation procedures is predicted,<ref>http://aes.sagepub.com/content/26/1_suppl/S4.full.pdf+html</ref> and could be due to the following factors:
| | * Reduce the appearance of [[wrinkles]] and fine lines |
| #Men have also started to perform these procedures at increasing numbers;
| | * Improve skin tone and texture |
| #Emphasis on image of youthfulness by the [[mass media]] and [[fashion]];
| | * Restore lost facial volume |
| #Increasing numbers of senior people enjoying good [[health]] and financial affluence at older ages;
| | * Lift and tighten sagging skin |
| #Decreasing costs of surgery and other cosmetic procedures, making them affordable to all
| | * Address [[hyperpigmentation]] and [[scarring]] |
| | * Enhance overall facial harmony and balance |
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| However, while surgical procedures are still preferred to achieve a more dramatic improvement, the current trend is towards less invasive procedures, such as injectables (Botox, fillers) and laser skin treatments. While these treatments achieve temporary results, they tend to be preferred because of their reduced cost and less intensive recovery period.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://aes.sagepub.com/content/26/1_suppl/S4.short |title=Archived copy |access-date=2014-11-18 |archive-url=https://archive.is/20141119004420/http://aes.sagepub.com/content/26/1_suppl/S4.short |archive-date=2014-11-19 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| | == Considerations == |
| | Factors to consider before undergoing facial rejuvenation include: |
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| ==See also== | | * Age and skin condition |
| * [[Aesthetic medicine]] | | * Desired outcomes and expectations |
| | * Medical history and contraindications |
| | * Type and invasiveness of treatment |
| | * Recovery time and costs |
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| | == See also == |
| | * [[Anti-aging]] |
| | * [[Dermatology]] |
| | * [[Plastic surgery]] |
| * [[Cosmetic surgery]] | | * [[Cosmetic surgery]] |
| * [[Cosmetics]] | | * [[Skin care]] |
| * [[Plastic surgery]] | | * [[Wrinkle treatment]] |
| * [[Rejuvenation (aging)]]
| | {{nt}} |
| * [[Modiolus (face)]]
| | [[Category:Cosmetic procedures]] |
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| ==References==
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| {{Reflist}}
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| ==Further reading==
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| *{{cite book|last1=Hartstein|first1=Morris E.|last2=Wulc|first2=Allan E.|last3=Holck|first3=David E.E.|title=The Anatomic Basis of Midfacial Aging|date=31 Oct 2011|publisher=Springer Science+Business Media|location=New York|isbn=978-1-4614-1007-2}}
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| *{{cite journal|last1=Pallett|first1=Pamela M.|last2=Link|first2=Stephen|last3=Lee|first3=Kang|title=New "Golden" Ratios for Facial Beauty|pmc=2814183|pmid=19896961|doi=10.1016/j.visres.2009.11.003|volume=50|issue=2|year=2010|pages=149–54|journal=Vision Research}}
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| *{{cite web|last1=Hart|first1=George W.|title=Leonardo da Vinci's Polyhedra| url=http://www.georgehart.com/virtual-polyhedra/leonardo.html|accessdate=18 November 2014}}
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| *{{cite journal|last1=Pessa M.D.|first1=Joel E.|title=An Algorithm of Facial Aging: Verification of Lambros's Theory by Three-Dimensional Stereolithography, with Reference to the Pathogenesis of Midfacial Aging, Scleral Show, and the Lateral Suborbital Trough Deformity|journal=Plast Reconstr Surg|date=August 2000|volume=106|issue=2|pages=479–488|pmid=10946949|doi=10.1097/00006534-200008000-00040}}
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| *{{cite journal|last1=Coleman|first1=Sydney R.|last2=Grover|first2=Rajiv|title=The Anatomy of the Aging Face: Volume Loss and Changes in 3-Dimensional Topography|journal=Aesthetic Surgery Journal|date=Jan 1, 2006|volume=26|issue=1S|pages=S4–9|doi=10.1016/j.asj.2005.09.012|pmid=19338976}}<!--|accessdate=18 November 2014-->
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| *[https://beautyshortcutips.com/best-facial-steamer-reviews/ Beauty Shortcutips].(Jan 15 2017).: Facial steaming also increases circulation and blood flow, which can help keep your skin soft and prevent aging.
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| [[Category:Plastic surgical procedures]] | |
| [[Category:Dermatologic procedures]] | | [[Category:Dermatologic procedures]] |
| [[Category:Otorhinolaryngology]] | | [[Category:Plastic surgery]] |
| [[Category:Oral and maxillofacial surgery]] | | [[Category:Skin care]] |
| [[Category:Face|Rejuvenation]] | | [[Category:Anti-aging techniques]] |
Cosmetic procedures to restore a youthful facial appearance
Facial rejuvenation refers to a variety of cosmetic treatments aimed at restoring a youthful appearance to the face. These treatments can range from minimally invasive therapies to complex surgical procedures and are often tailored to the individual’s unique facial structure, skin type, and aesthetic goals.
Facial rejuvenation encompasses both **surgical** and **non-surgical** methods, each targeting different aspects of facial aging such as sagging skin, wrinkles, volume loss, discoloration, and changes in facial symmetry.
Types of Facial Rejuvenation[edit]
Surgical Procedures[edit]
Surgical facial rejuvenation procedures are typically more invasive and involve longer recovery times. These procedures focus on lifting, tightening, and repositioning facial structures to achieve long-lasting improvements in appearance. Common surgical procedures include:
- Facelift (rhytidectomy) – Tightens sagging facial skin and repositions underlying tissues.
- Neck lift – Targets loose skin and fat accumulation in the neck and under the chin.
- Brow lift – Elevates drooping eyebrows and smooths forehead lines.
- Blepharoplasty – Removes excess skin or fat from the upper and lower eyelids.
- Chin lift – Enhances the contour of the jawline and corrects sagging in the lower face.
Non-Surgical Treatments[edit]
Non-surgical facial rejuvenation treatments are popular for their minimal downtime and lower risk profile. These procedures are often used to improve skin texture, reduce wrinkles, and restore facial volume. Common non-invasive treatments include:
- Botox injections – Relax facial muscles to reduce dynamic wrinkles.
- Dermal fillers – Restore lost facial volume and smooth static wrinkles.
- Chemical peels – Exfoliate and rejuvenate skin using acid-based solutions.
- Laser resurfacing – Use of laser energy to stimulate collagen and remove surface imperfections.
- Photorejuvenation (IPL) – Targets discoloration and stimulates skin renewal using light pulses.
- Radiofrequency therapy – Non-invasive skin tightening using heat.
- Ultrasound therapy – Focused energy used to lift and tone deep layers of skin.
Common Procedures[edit]
The following is a list of facial rejuvenation procedures:
Goals and Benefits[edit]
Facial rejuvenation aims to:
- Reduce the appearance of wrinkles and fine lines
- Improve skin tone and texture
- Restore lost facial volume
- Lift and tighten sagging skin
- Address hyperpigmentation and scarring
- Enhance overall facial harmony and balance
Considerations[edit]
Factors to consider before undergoing facial rejuvenation include:
- Age and skin condition
- Desired outcomes and expectations
- Medical history and contraindications
- Type and invasiveness of treatment
- Recovery time and costs
See also[edit]
