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| Medicines are any substances given to a person or living organism to cause a certain effect, usually for a [[therapeutic]] or [[diagnostic]] purposes.
| | #REDIRECT [[Medication]] |
| ==Classification==
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| Medications can be classified in various ways,www.epgonline.org database of prescription pharmaceutical products including drug classifications [http://www.epgonline.org/class.cfm] such as by [[chemical property|chemical properties]], mode or [[route of administration]], [[biological system]] affected, or [[therapeutic effect]]s. An elaborate and widely used classification system is the [[Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System]] (ATC system). The [[World Health Organization]] keeps a list of [[essential medicines]].
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| A sampling of classes of medicine includes:
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| | | {{R from noun}} |
| #[[Antipyretic]]s: reducing [[fever]] (pyrexia/pyresis)
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| #[[Analgesic]]s: reducing [[pain]] (painkillers)
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| #[[Antimalarial drug]]s: treating [[malaria]]
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| #[[Antibiotic]]s: inhibiting [[Microorganism|germ]] growth
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| #[[Antiseptic]]s: prevention of germ growth near [[burn]]s, [[cut]]s and [[wound]]s
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| ==Types of medications (type of [[pharmacotherapy]])==
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| ===For the gastrointestinal tract (digestive system)===
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| *Upper [[Gastrointestinal tract|digestive tract]]: [[antacid]]s, [[reflux suppressant]]s, [[antiflatulent]]s, [[dopamine antagonist|antidopaminergics]], [[proton pump inhibitor]]s (PPIs), [[H2 antagonist|H<sub>2</sub>-receptor antagonists]]s, [[cytoprotectant]]s, [[prostaglandin analogue]]s
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| *Lower digestive tract: [[laxative]]s, [[antispasmodic]]s, [[antidiarrhoeal]]s, [[bile acid sequestrant]]s, [[opioid]]
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| ===For the [[Circulatory system|cardiovascular system]]===
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| *General: [[beta blocker|β-receptor blockers]] ("beta blockers"), [[calcium channel blocker]]s, [[diuretic]]s, [[cardiac glycoside]]s, [[Antiarrhythmic agent|antiarrhythmics]], [[nitrate]], [[antianginal]]s, [[vasoconstriction|vasoconstrictors]], [[vasodilation|vasodilators]], peripheral activators
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| *Affecting [[blood pressure]] ([[antihypertensive drug]]s): [[ACE inhibitor]]s, [[Angiotensin II receptor antagonist|angiotensin receptor blockers]], [[alpha blocker|α blockers]]
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| *[[Coagulation]]: [[anticoagulant]]s, [[heparin]], [[antiplatelet drug]]s, [[Fibrinolysis|fibrinolytics]], [[Factor VIII|anti-hemophilic factor]]s, [[Antihemorrhagic|haemostatic drugs]]
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| *[[Atherosclerosis]]/[[cholesterol]] inhibitors: [[hypolipidaemic agent]]s, [[statin]]s.
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| ===For the central nervous system===
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| {{See also|Psychiatric medication|Psychoactive drug}} | |
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| Drugs affecting the [[central nervous system]] include: [[hypnotic]]s, [[anaesthetics]], [[antipsychotic]]s, [[antidepressant]]s (including [[tricyclic antidepressant]]s, [[monoamine oxidase inhibitor]]s, [[Lithium pharmacology|lithium salts]], and [[selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor]]s (SSRIs)), [[antiemetic]]s, [[Anticonvulsant|anticonvulsants/antiepileptics]], [[anxiolytic]]s, [[barbiturate]]s, movement disorder (e.g., [[Parkinson's disease]]) drugs, [[stimulant]]s (including [[amphetamine]]s), [[benzodiazepine]]s, [[cyclopyrrolones]], [[dopamine antagonist]]s, [[Histamine antagonist|antihistamines]], [[cholinergic]]s, [[anticholinergic]]s, [[emetic]]s, [[cannabinoid]]s, and [[serotonin antagonist|5-HT (serotonin) antagonists]].
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| ===For pain & consciousness (analgesic drugs)===
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| {{See also|Analgesic}} | |
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| The main classes of painkillers are [[NSAIDs]], [[opioid]]s and various [[Orphan drug|orphans]] such as [[paracetamol]], [[tricyclic antidepressant]]s and [[anticonvulsant]]s.
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| ===For musculo-skeletal disorders===
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| The main categories of drugs for [[musculoskeletal disorders]] are: [[NSAID]]s (including [[COX-2 selective inhibitor]]s), [[muscle relaxant]]s, [[neuromuscular disease|neuromuscular]] drugs, and [[Acetylcholinesterase inhibitor|anticholinesterases]].
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| ===For the [[eye]]===
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| *General: adrenergic neurone blocker, [[astringent]], ocular lubricant
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| *Diagnostic: [[topical anesthetic]]s, [[sympathomimetic]]s, [[parasympatholytic]]s, [[mydriatic]]s, [[cycloplegic]]s
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| *[[Anti-bacterial]]: [[antibiotic]]s, [[topical antibiotic]]s, [[sulfa drugs]], [[aminoglycosides]], [[fluoroquinolones]]
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| *[[Antiviral drug]]:
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| *[[Anti-fungal]]: [[imidazole]]s, [[polyene]]s
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| *[[Anti-inflammatory]]: [[NSAID]]s, [[corticosteroids]]
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| *[[Anti-allergy]]: [[mast cell|mast cell inhibitors]]
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| *[[Anti-glaucoma]]: adrenergic agonists, [[beta-blocker]]s, carbonic anhydrase inhibitors/[[hyperosmotic]]s, [[cholinergic]]s, [[miotic]]s, [[parasympathomimetic]]s, prostaglandin agonists/prostaglandin inhibitors. [[nitroglycerin]]
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| ===For the [[ear]], [[nose]] and [[oropharynx]]===
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| [[sympathomimetic]]s, [[antihistamine]]s, [[anticholinergic]]s, [[NSAID]]s, [[steroid]]s, [[antiseptic]]s, [[local anesthetic]]s, [[antifungal]]s, cerumenolyti
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| ===For the [[respiratory system]]===
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| [[bronchodilator]]s, [[NSAID]]s, [[anti-allergic]]s, [[antitussive]]s, [[mucolytic]]s, [[decongestant]]s<br>[[corticosteroid]]s, [[Beta2-adrenergic agonist]]s, [[anticholinergic]]s, [[steroid]]s
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| ===For [[endocrine]] problems===
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| [[androgen]]s, [[antiandrogen]]s, [[gonadotropin]], [[corticosteroid]]s, [[human growth hormone]], [[insulin]], [[antidiabetic]]s ([[sulfonylurea]]s, [[biguanide]]s/[[metformin]], [[thiazolidinedione]]s, [[insulin]]), [[thyroid hormone]]s, antithyroid drugs, [[calcitonin]], [[diphosponate]], [[vasopressin analogue]]s
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| ===For the [[reproductive system]] or [[urinary system]]===
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| [[antifungal]], [[alkalising agent]]s, [[quinolones]], [[antibiotic]]s, [[cholinergic]]s, [[anticholinergic]]s, [[anticholinesterase]]s, [[antispasmodic]]s, [[5-alpha reductase inhibitor]], [[selective alpha-1 blocker]]s, [[sildenafil]]s, [[fertility medication]]s
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| ===For [[contraception]]===
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| *[[Hormonal contraception]]
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| *[[Ormeloxifene]]
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| *[[Spermicide]]
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| ===For [[obstetrics]] and [[gynecology]]===
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| [[NSAID]]s, [[anticholinergic]]s, [[haemostatic drug]]s, [[antifibrinolytic]]s, [[Hormone therapy|Hormone Replacement Therapy]] (HRT), bone regulators, [[beta-receptor agonist]]s, [[follicle stimulating hormone]], [[luteinising hormone]], [[LHRH]]<br> [[gamolenic acid]], [[gonadotropin release inhibitor]], [[progestogen]], [[dopamine agonist]]s, [[estrogen|oestrogen]], [[prostaglandin]]s, [[gonadorelin]], [[clomiphene]], [[tamoxifen]], [[Diethylstilbestrol]]
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| ===For the [[skin]]===
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| [[emollient]]s, [[antipruritic|anti-pruritic]]s, [[antifungal]]s, [[disinfectant]]s, [[scabicide]]s, [[pediculicide]]s, [[tar]] products, [[vitamin A derivatives]], [[vitamin D analogue]]s, [[keratolytic]]s, [[abrasive]]s, [[systemic antibiotic]]s, [[topical]] [[antibiotic]]s, [[hormone]]s, [[desloughing agent]]s, [[exudate absorbent]]s, [[fibrinolytic]]s, [[proteolytic]]s, [[sunscreen]]s, [[antiperspirant]]s, [[corticosteroid]]s
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| ===For [[infection]]s and [[infestation]]s===
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| [[antibiotic]]s, [[antifungal]]s, [[antileprotic]]s, [[antituberculous drug]]s, [[antimalarial]]s, [[anthelmintic]]s, [[amoebicide]]s, [[Antiviral drug|antivirals]], [[antiprotozoal agent|antiprotozoal]]s
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| ===For the [[immune system]]===
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| [[vaccine]]s, [[immunoglobulin]]s, [[immunosuppressant]]s, [[interferon]]s, [[monoclonal antibody|monoclonal antibodies]]
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| ===For [[allergies|allergic disorders]]===
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| [[anti-allergic]]s, [[antihistamine]]s, [[NSAID]]s
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| ===For [[nutrition]]===
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| [[Pharmaceutical drug#For nutrition|tonic]]s, [[iron preparation]]s, [[electrolyte]]s, [[parenteral nutritional supplement]]s, [[vitamin]]s, [[anti-obesity drug]]s, [[anabolic drug]]s, [[haematopoietic drug]]s, [[food product drug]]s
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| ===For [[neoplastic disorders]]===
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| [[cytotoxic drug]]s, [[therapeutic antibody|therapeutic antibodies]], [[sex hormone]]s, [[aromatase inhibitor]]s, [[somatostatin inhibitor]]s, recombinant [[interleukin]]s, [[Granulocyte-colony 0pp0- factor|G-CSF]], [[erythropoietin]]
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| ===For [[diagnosis|diagnostics]]===
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| [[contrast media]]
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| ===For [[euthanasia]]===
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| {{See also|Barbiturate#Other non-therapeutical uses|barbituates}} | |
| An [[euthanaticum]] is used for [[euthanasia]] and [[Assisted suicide|physician-assisted suicide]].
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| Euthanasia is not permitted by law in many countries, and consequently medicines will not be licensed for this use in those countries.
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| ==Legal considerations==
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| Medications may be divided into [[over-the-counter drug]]s (OTC) which may be available without special restrictions, and [[prescription only medicine]] (POM), which must be prescribed by a licensed medical practitioner. The precise distinction between OTC and prescription depends on the legal [[jurisdiction]]. A third category, [[behind-the-counter]] medications (BTMs), is implemented in some jurisdictions. BTMs do not require a prescription, but must be kept in the [[dispensary]], not visible to the public, and only be sold by a [[pharmacist]] or [[pharmacy technician]].
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| The [[International Narcotics Control Board]] of the [[United Nations]] imposes a world law of [[prohibition]] of certain medications. They publish a lengthy list of chemicals and plants whose trade and consumption (where applicable) is forbidden. OTC medications are sold without restriction as they are considered safe enough that most people will not hurt themselves accidentally by taking it as instructed. Many countries, such as the [[United Kingdom]] have a third category of pharmacy medicines which can only be sold in registered pharmacies, by or under the supervision of a [[pharmacist]].
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| For [[patented medication]]s, countries may have certain [[Compulsory license|mandatory licensing]] programs which compel, in certain situations, a medication's owner to contract with other agents to manufacture the drug. Such programs may deal with the contingency of a lack of medication in the event of a serious epidemic of disease, or may be part of efforts to ensure that disease treating drugs, such as AIDS drugs, are available to countries which cannot afford the drug owner's price.
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| In some countries, government-regulated [[cannabis]] is available by prescription.
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| ==Blockbuster drug== <!--Blockbuster drug redirects here-->
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| A blockbuster drug is a drug generating more than $1 billion of revenue for its owner each year. "''"Blockbuster medicine" is defined as being one which achieves annual revenues of over US$ 1 billion at global level.''" in European Commission, [http://ec.europa.eu/competition/sectors/pharmaceuticals/inquiry/preliminary_report.pdf ''Pharmaceutical Sector Inquiry, Preliminary Report (DG Competition Staff Working Paper)''], 28 November 2008, page 17 (pdf, 1.95 MB).
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| A recent report from [[Urch Publishing]] estimated that about one third of the pharma market by value is accounted for by blockbusters. About 100 products are blockbusters. The top seller was [[Lipitor]], a [[cholesterol]]-lowering medication marketed by [[Pfizer]] with [[Annual pharmaceutical drug sales|sales of $12.2 billion]].
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| ===Leading blockbuster drugs===
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| {| class="wikitable sortable" | |
| !Drug
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| !Trade name
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| !Company
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| |'''Sales'''[http://www.urchpublishing.com/publications/general/pharma_trends_00 ''Pharmaceutical Market Trends, 2006-2010'', from Urch Publishing][http://www.reportbuyer.com/pharma_healthcare/prescription_drugs/blockbuster_drugs_2006_executive_overview.html ''Blockbuster Drugs 2006: Executive Overview'', from Report Buyer] (billion $), year
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| |[[Atorvastatin]]
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| |Lipitor
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| |[[Pfizer]]
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| |12 (2007) <
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| |-
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| |[[Clopidogrel]]
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| |Plavix
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| |[[Bristol-Myers Squibb]] and [[sanofi-aventis]]
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| |5.9 (2005)
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| |-
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| |[[Enoxaparin]]
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| |Lovenox or Clexane
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| |[[Sanofi-Aventis]]
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| |-
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| |[[Celecoxib]]
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| |Celebrex
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| |[[Pfizer]]
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| |2.3 (2007)
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| |-
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| |[[Omeprazole]]
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| |Losec/Prilosec
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| |[[AstraZeneca]]
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| |2.6 (2004)
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| |-
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| |[[Esomeprazole]]
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| |Nexium
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| |[[AstraZeneca]]
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| |3.3 (2003)
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| |-
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| |[[Fexofenadine]]
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| |Telfast/Allegra
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| |[[Aventis]]
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| |1.87 (2004)
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| |-
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| |[[Quetiapine]]
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| |Seroquel
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| |[[AstraZeneca]]
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| |1.5 (2003)
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| |-
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| |[[Metoprolol]]
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| |Seloken/Toprol
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| |[[AstraZeneca]]
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| |1.3 (2003)
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| |-
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| |[[Budesonide]]
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| |Pulmicort/Rhinocort
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| |[[AstraZeneca]]
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| |1.3 (2003) (plus some fraction of the $0.6bn sales of [[Symbicort]])
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| |-
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| |}
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| ==See also==
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| *[[Active ingredient]]
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| *[[Bioburden]]
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| *[[Child-resistant packaging]]
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| *[[Classification of Pharmaco-Therapeutic Referrals]]
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| *[[Compliance (medicine)|Compliance]]
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| *[[Food Technology]]
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| *[[Herbalism]]
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| *[[List of drugs]]
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| *[[List of World Health Organization Essential Medicines]]
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| *[[Medical prescription]]
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| *[[Medicinal chemistry]]
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| *[[Medicine]]
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| *[[Nocebo]]
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| *[[Patient safety]]
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| *[[Pharmaceutical company]]
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| *[[Pharmaceuticals and personal care products in the environment]]
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| *[[Pharmacology]]
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| *[[Pharmacy]]
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| *[[Pharmakeia]]
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| *[[Placebo]]
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| *[[Prescription drug]]
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| *[[Small molecule]]
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| *[[Use of biotechnology in pharmaceutical manufacturing]]
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| *[[Vaccine]]
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| {{medicines}}
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| {{stub}}
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