Oral cancer

Editor-In-Chief: Prab R Tumpati, MD
Obesity, Sleep & Internal medicine
Founder, WikiMD Wellnesspedia &
W8MD medical weight loss NYC and sleep center NYC

Oral cancer
Oral cancer on the tongue
Synonyms	Mouth cancer, oral cavity cancer
Pronounce	N/A
Specialty	N/A
Symptoms	Mouth ulcer, lump, red or white patch in the mouth
Complications	Metastasis, difficulty swallowing, speech difficulties
Onset	Typically over age 40
Duration	Long term
Types	N/A
Causes	Tobacco smoking, alcohol consumption, HPV infection
Risks	Tobacco, alcohol, human papillomavirus
Diagnosis	Biopsy, imaging studies
Differential diagnosis	Leukoplakia, lichen planus, candidiasis
Prevention	Avoiding tobacco and alcohol, HPV vaccination
Treatment	Surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy
Medication	N/A
Prognosis	5-year survival rate ~50%
Frequency	355,000 new cases per year (worldwide)
Deaths	N/A

Oral cancer, also referred to as mouth cancer, encompasses malignancies that arise in any part of the oral cavity. This includes cancers of the lips, tongue, cheeks, floor of the mouth, hard and soft palate, sinuses, and pharynx.

Mouth and tongue

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Types of Oral Cancer

Oral cancers predominantly present as squamous cell carcinomas, which constitute about 90% of oral malignancies. These originate in the cells that line the lips and inside of the mouth. Other types of oral cancers, though relatively rare, include salivary gland tumors, lymphomas, and melanomas.

Risk Factors and Prevention

Numerous factors have been associated with an increased risk of developing oral cancer, including tobacco use (both smoking and smokeless forms), excessive alcohol consumption, exposure to Human Papilloma Virus (HPV), prolonged sun exposure (increasing the risk for lip cancers), poor oral hygiene, and a diet deficient in fruits and vegetables. Preventive measures include abstaining from or reducing tobacco and alcohol use, maintaining a healthy diet, protecting the lips from excessive sun exposure, regular dental check-ups, and practicing safe sex to reduce the risk of HPV infection.

Symptoms and Diagnosis

Typical symptoms of oral cancer may include persistent sores in the mouth that do not heal, red or white patches, pain, tenderness or numbness in the mouth or lips, difficulty chewing, swallowing or speaking, and a change in the way your teeth fit together when you close your mouth. Diagnostic tools for oral cancer include physical examination, biopsy, imaging tests like Computed Tomography (CT) scan, Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), and Positron Emission Tomography (PET) scan, and endoscopy.

Treatment

The primary treatment options for oral cancer include surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy. The choice of treatment largely depends on the stage, location, and type of the cancer, as well as the patient's overall health. In some cases, targeted drug therapy or immunotherapy might be recommended.

Prognosis

The prognosis of oral cancer depends on several factors, including the stage of the cancer at diagnosis, the patient's overall health, and their response to treatment. Early detection significantly improves the chances of successful treatment and survival.

References

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See Also

• Head and Neck Cancer
• Squamous cell carcinomas
• Human Papilloma Virus (HPV)

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