Foot-and-mouth disease

Editor-In-Chief: Prab R Tumpati, MD
Obesity, Sleep & Internal medicine
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Foot-and-mouth disease
Synonyms	N/A
Pronounce	N/A
Specialty	N/A
Symptoms	Fever, blisters in the mouth and on the feet
Complications	Lameness, weight loss, decreased milk production
Onset	2 to 14 days after exposure
Duration	2 to 3 weeks
Types	N/A
Causes	Foot-and-mouth disease virus
Risks	Contact with infected animals, contaminated feed, or equipment
Diagnosis	PCR, ELISA, virus isolation
Differential diagnosis	N/A
Prevention	Vaccination, biosecurity measures
Treatment	Supportive care, isolation of infected animals
Medication	N/A
Prognosis	Generally good, but can cause significant economic impact
Frequency	Endemic in parts of Africa, Asia, Middle East
Deaths	N/A

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious and severe plague that affects cloven-hoofed animals, including domestic and wild bovids. The disease is caused by the foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV), a member of the Picornaviridae family.

Etiology

The causative agent of FMD is the foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV), which is a single-stranded RNA virus. There are seven different serotypes of FMDV: O, A, C, SAT 1, SAT 2, SAT 3, and Asia 1. Each serotype has a different antigenic profile and is not cross-protective.

Clinical Signs

The disease is characterized by fever and blister-like sores on the tongue and lips, in the mouth, on the teats, and between the hooves. Most affected animals recover, but the disease leaves them debilitated. It also causes severe losses in the meat and dairy industries.

Transmission

FMD is highly contagious and can be spread by infected animals through aerosols, through contact with contaminated farming equipment, vehicles, clothing, or feed, and by domestic and wild predators. Its containment demands considerable efforts in vaccination, strict monitoring, trade restrictions, and quarantine.

Prevention and Control

Vaccination is the most effective way to control FMD. Vaccines are usually administered twice a year, and new vaccines need to be developed regularly because of the evolving nature of the virus.

Economic Impact

FMD has severe implications for animal farming, as it reduces commercial productivity and necessitates significant expenses in disease prevention, control, and eradication.

Foot-and-mouth disease images

• 
  Foot and mouth disease in swine
• 
  Shorthorn heifer foot-and-mouth disease1
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  Shorthorn heifer foot-and-mouth disease2
• 
  Plum Island Animal Disease Center
• 
  Foot and Mouth 1872
• Where did Taiwan export Pork to between 1995 and 1998
  Where did Taiwan export Pork to between 1995 and 1998

See Also

• Animal diseases
• Viral diseases
• Veterinary medicine

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