[[File:Lake Manyara Wildlife.jpg|alt=Wildlife|thumb|Wildlife]]Wild life refers to all [[living]] things (except people) that are undomesticated including [[animals]], [[fish]], [[birds]], [[insects]] and other [[animals]].
[[File:Lake Manyara Wildlife.jpg|alt=Wildlife|thumb|Wildlife]]Wild life refers to all [[living]] things (except people) that are undomesticated including [[animals]], [[fish]], [[birds]], [[insects]] and other [[animals]].
{{Short description|All undomesticated living organisms}}
==Glossary of wildlife==
'''Wildlife''' refers to all [[organism|living organisms]], including [[animal]]s, [[bird]]s, [[fish]], [[reptile]]s, [[amphibian]]s, [[insect]]s, and other creatures, which live naturally in their habitats without being domesticated by humans. Wildlife is a crucial component of Earth's [[biodiversity]] and plays an essential role in maintaining the balance and health of ecosystems worldwide.
*'''[[abiotic]]''' nonliving; a physical feature of the environment such as climate, temperature, geology, soils.
==Definition==
Wildlife encompasses all non-domesticated animals living naturally in their environment. It includes species ranging from large mammals such as elephants and tigers to smaller creatures like birds, insects, amphibians, and even microscopic organisms.
*'''[[avullium]]''' an unconsolidated accumulation of stream-deposited sediments, often including sands, silts, clays, or gravels.
==Types of Wildlife==
Wildlife can be classified broadly into several groups:
*'''[[alternative]]''' a set of objectives and strategies needed to achieve refuge goals and the desired future condition.
* '''[[Mammal]]s''' – Warm-blooded vertebrates with hair or fur, such as lions, wolves, and whales.
* '''[[Bird]]s''' – Feathered vertebrates capable of flight (with some exceptions like ostriches), such as eagles, sparrows, and penguins.
* '''[[Fish]]''' – Aquatic vertebrates that breathe through gills, including sharks, salmon, and trout.
* '''[[Reptile]]s''' – Cold-blooded vertebrates, typically with scales, such as snakes, turtles, and lizards.
* '''[[Amphibian]]s''' – Vertebrates that live both in water and on land during different life stages, including frogs, toads, and salamanders.
* '''[[Insect]]s''' – Arthropods with segmented bodies, exoskeletons, and six legs, such as butterflies, bees, and beetles.
*'''[[ambient]]''' of the surrounding area or outside environment.
==Habitats==
Wildlife occupies diverse [[habitat]]s across Earth, each adapted to their unique environments:
*'''[[anadromous fish]]''' fish that spend a large portion of their life cycle in the ocean and return to freshwater to breed.
* '''Forests''' – Home to a wide array of species including bears, deer, monkeys, and birds.
* '''Deserts''' – Adapted wildlife includes camels, coyotes, lizards, and scorpions.
* '''Grasslands and Savannas''' – Known for grazing mammals like antelopes, zebras, elephants, and predators such as lions and cheetahs.
* '''Aquatic ecosystems''' – Oceans, rivers, lakes, and coral reefs host species such as fish, whales, dolphins, and numerous marine invertebrates.
* '''Polar Regions''' – Adapted species include polar bears, penguins, seals, and various seabirds.
*'''[[appropriate use]]''' a proposed or existing use on a refuge that meets at least one of the following three conditions: 1. the use is a wildlife-dependent one; 2. the use contributes to fulfilling the refuge purpose(s), the System mission, or goals or objectives described in a refuge management plan approved after October 9, 1997, the date the National Wildlife Refuge System Improvement Act was signed into law; or 3. the use has been determined appropriate as specified in section 1.11 of that act.
==Ecological Importance==
Wildlife is integral to the health of [[ecosystem]]s and contributes significantly through:
*'''[[approved acquisition boundary]]''' a project boundary that the Director of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service approves upon completion of the planning and environmental compliance process. An approved acquisition boundary only designates those lands that the Service has authority to acquire or manage through various agreements. The approval of an acquisition boundary does not grant the Service jurisdiction or control over lands within the boundary, and it does not make lands within the refuge boundary part of the National Wildlife Refuge System. Lands do not become part of the System until the Service buys them or they are placed under an agreement that provides for their management as part of the System.
* '''Pollination''' – Bees, butterflies, and birds pollinate plants, facilitating reproduction and food production.
* '''Seed dispersal''' – Animals and birds disperse seeds, aiding in forest regeneration.
* '''Nutrient cycling''' – Wildlife contributes to soil fertility and nutrient distribution through decomposition and waste.
* '''Predation''' – Maintains population control, thus preserving ecological balance.
*'''[[avian]]''' of or having to do with birds.
==Threats to Wildlife==
Despite their ecological importance, wildlife faces numerous threats globally:
*'''[[basin]]''' the surrounding land that drains into a water body.
* '''[[Habitat destruction]]''' – Loss of forests, wetlands, and natural habitats due to urbanization, agriculture, and deforestation.
* '''Climate change''' – Alters habitats, forcing species migration and causing biodiversity loss.
* '''Pollution''' – Water, air, and soil pollution adversely impact wildlife health and reproduction
* '''Poaching and Illegal Wildlife Trade''' – Illegal hunting for products like ivory, fur, or traditional medicine endangers many species.
* '''Invasive Species''' – Non-native species can outcompete local wildlife for resources and habitats.
*'''[[best management practice]]''' land management practices that produce desired results (usually describing forestry or agricultural practices effective in reducing non-point source pollution.
==Conservation Efforts==
[[Wildlife conservation]] involves various strategies to protect wildlife and preserve biodiversity:
*'''[[biological diversity]]''' the variety of life forms and its processes, including the variety of living organisms, the genetic differences among them, and the communities and ecosystems in which they occur.
* '''Establishing protected areas''' – National parks, wildlife reserves, and marine sanctuaries safeguard habitats and species.
* '''Legislation and policy''' – Laws against poaching, habitat destruction, and wildlife trafficking help protect wildlife populations.
* '''Captive breeding programs''' – Breed endangered species in controlled environments to support species recovery.
* '''Public education and awareness''' – Informing communities on the importance of wildlife and how to sustainably coexist.
* '''International cooperation''' – Agreements such as the [[Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora|CITES]] promote global efforts to protect wildlife.
*'''[[biological integrity]]''' biotic composition, structure, and functioning at genetic, organism, and community levels comparable with historic conditions, including natural biological processes that shape genomes, organisms, and communities.
==Wildlife Tourism==
[[Ecotourism]] and wildlife tourism play a significant role in wildlife conservation by generating economic incentives for preservation:
*'''[[bird conservation region]] '''ecologically distinct regions in North America with similar bird communities, habitats, and resource management issues.
# Wildlife safaris in Africa and Asia.
# Whale watching expeditions in oceans worldwide.
# Birdwatching tours in forests and wetlands.
*'''[[brackish]]''' brackish water is water that is more salty than freshwater, but less salty that seawater. It is generally defined as water with a salinity of 0.5 to 30 dissolved salts parts per thousand.
Tourism revenue provides funding for conservation programs and encourages local communities to protect wildlife resources.
*'''[[buffer]]''' lands bordering water bodies that reduce runoff and nonpoint source pollution.
==Human–Wildlife Conflict==
In some regions, wildlife and human populations overlap, leading to [[Human–wildlife conflict]]:
*'''[[canopy]]''' the layer of foliage formed by the crowns of trees in a stand. For stands with trees of different heights, foresters often distinguish among the upper, middle and lower canopy layers. These represent foliage on tall, medium, and short trees. The uppermost layers are called the overstory.
* Predation of livestock or crop damage by wildlife leads to economic losses.
* Encounters with wildlife, such as bears or elephants, pose risks to human safety.
* Conservationists strive to mitigate these conflicts through community education, preventive measures, and conflict resolution strategies.
*'''[[categorical exclusion]]''' a category of Federal agency actions that do not individually or cumulatively have a significant effect on the human environment.
==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:African lion.jpg|'''African Lion'''
File:Bald Eagle Portrait.jpg|'''Bald Eagle'''
File:Green iguana.jpg|'''Green Iguana'''
File:African Bush Elephant.jpg|'''African Elephant'''
File:Poison Dart Frog.jpg|'''Poison Dart Frog'''
</gallery>
*'''[[compatible use]]''' a wildlife-dependent recreational use, or any other use on a refuge that will not materially interfere with or detract from the fulfillment of the mission of the Service or the purposes of the refuge.
==See also==
* [[Wildlife conservation]]
* [[Endangered species]]
* [[Ecotourism]]
* [[Biodiversity]]
* [[Habitat destruction]]
*'''[[compatibility determinations]] '''a required determination for wildlife-dependent recreational uses or any public uses of a refuge.
==References==
{{reflist}}
*'''[[Comprehensive]]''' Conservation Plan a document that describes the desired future conditions of the refuge, and specifies management direction to achieve refuge goals and the mission of the National Wildlife Refuge System.
==External links==
*'''[[community]]''' a distinct assemblage of plants that develops on sites characterized by particular climates and soils, and the species and populations of wild animals that depend on the plants for food, cover and/or nesting.
* [https://www.worldwildlife.org World Wildlife Fund (WWF)]
* [https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals National Geographic Wildlife]
*'''[[cover type]]''' the current vegetation of an area.
* [https://www.iucnredlist.org IUCN Red List of Threatened Species]
*'''[[cultural resource]]''' those parts of the physical environment – natural and built – that have cultural values to some sociocultural group or institution.
*'''[[Cultural resources]] '''include historic sites, archaeological sites and associated artifacts, sacred sites, buildings, and structures.
*'''[[diameter at breast height]]''' (dbh) – the diameter of the stem of tree measure at breast height (usually 4.5 feet above the ground). The term is commonly used by foresters to describe tree size.
*'''[[disturbance]]''' a disruption in the natural plant succession of a community or ecosystem resulting in a new community.
*'''[[early successional habitat]]''' Succession is the gradual replacement of one plant community by another. In a forested ecosystem, tree cover can be temporarily displaced by natural or human disturbance (e.g., flooding by beaver, or logging). The open environments created by removal of tree cover are referred to as ‘early-successional’ habitats because as time passes, trees will return. The open conditions occur ‘early’ in the sequence of plant communities that follow disturbance. We define early successional forest in this CCP as: the shrub-sapling stage; 0-20 years old.
*'''[[ecological integrity]]''' native species populations in their historic variety and numbers naturally interacting in naturally structured biotic communities. For communities, integrity is governed by demographics of component species, intactness of landscape-level ecological processes (e.g., natural fire regime), and intactness of internal community processes (e.g., pollination).
*'''[[ecological succession]]''' the orderly progression of an area through time in the absence of disturbance from one vegetative community to another.
*'''[[ecoregion]]''' a territory defined by a combination of biological, social, and geographic criteria, rather than geopolitical considerations; generally, a system of related, interconnected ecosystems.
*'''[[ecosystem]]''' a dynamic and interrelated complex of plant and animal communities and their associated non-living environment.
*'''[[emergent marsh]]''' wetlands dominated by erect, rooted, herbaceous plants.
*'''[[endangered species]]''' any species of plant or animal defined through the Endangered Species Act as being in danger of extinction throughout all or a significant portion of its range, and published in the Federal Register.
*[[Environmental Assessment (EA)|Environmental Assessment]] a systematic analysis to determine if proposed actions would result in a significant effect on the quality of the environment.
*'''[[environmental health]]''' the composition, structure, and functioning of soil, water, air, and other abiotic features comparable with historic conditions, including the natural abiotic processes that shape the environment.
*'''[[exotic species]]''' a species that is not native to an area and has been introduced intentionally or unintentionally by humans.
*'''[[extinction]]''' the termination of existence of a lineage of organisms (e.g., a subspecies or species.
*'''[[federally listed species]]''' a species listed either as endangered, threatened, or species at risk (formerly a “candidate” species) under the Endangered Species Act of 1973, as amended.
*'''[[fragmentation]]''' the process of reducing the size and connectivity of habitat patches; the disruption of extensive habitats into isolated and small patches.
*'''[[Geographic information system (GIS)|geographic information system]] '''a computer system capable of storing and manipulating spatial mapping data; more commonly referred to by the acronym GIS goals descriptive statements of desired future conditions.
*'''[[habitat]]''' the sum of environmental factors – food, water, cover, and space – that each species needs to survive and reproduce in an area.
*'''[[hectare]]''' equal to 2.47 acres.
*'''[[historic conditions]]''' the composition, structure, and functioning of ecosystems resulting from natural processes that we believe, based on sound professional judgment, were present prior to substantial human- related changes to the landscape.
*'''[[impoundment]]''' a body of water, such as a pond, confined by a dam, dike, floodgate, or other barrier, that is used to collect and hold water.
*'''[[interjurisdictional fish]]''' populations of fish that are managed by two or more State or national or tribal governments because of the scope of their geographic distributions or migrations.
*'''[[invasive species]]''' a non-native species whose introduction causes or is likely to cause economic or environmental harm or harm to human health.
*'''[[issue]]''' any unsettled matter that requires a management decision. For example, a resource management problem, concern, a threat to natural resources, a conflict in uses, or in the presence of an undesirable resource condition.
*'''[[marl]]''' An unconsolidated sedimentary rock or soil consisting of clay and lime.
*'''[[migratory bird]]''' a bird species that migrates between wintering and breeding grounds.
*'''[[National Wildlife Refuge System]]''' all lands, waters, and interests therein administered by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service as wildlife refuges, wildlife ranges, wildlife management areas, waterfowl production areas, and other areas for the protection and conservation of fish, wildlife and plant resources.
*'''[[nonpoint source pollution]]''' a diffuse form of water quality degradation in which wastes are not released at one specific, identifiable point but from a number of points that are spread out and difficult to identify and control.
*'''[[objectives]]''' actions to be accomplished to achieve a desired outcome or goal. Objectives are more specific, and generally more measurable, than goals.
*'''[[physiographic area]]''' a bird conservation planning unit with relatively uniform vegetative communities, bird populations, and species assemblages, as well as land use and conservation issues, developed by Partners in Flight.
*'''[[point source pollution]]''' a source of pollution that involves discharge of waste from an identifiable point, such as a smokestack or sewage-treatment plant.
*'''[[preferred alternative]]''' the Service’s selected alternative identified in the draft Comprehensive Conservation Plan.
*'''[[prescribed burning/fire]]''' the application of fire to wildland fuels, either by natural or intentional ignition, to achieve identified land use objectives.
*'''[[priority public use]]''' a compatible wildlife-dependent recreational use of a refuge involving hunting, fishing, wildlife observation and photography, or environmental education and interpretation.
*'''[[range]]''' the geographic area within which a particular species is found.
*'''[[restoration]]''' management of a disturbed or degraded habitat that results in the recovery of its original state (e.g., restoration may involve planting native species, removing invasive shrubs, prescribed burning).
*'''[[riparian]]''' relating the floodplains, banks, and terraces that line rivers.
*'''[[riparian area]]''' habitat along the banks of a stream, river, or wetland.
*'''[[scoping]]''' a process for determining the scope of issues to be addressed by a comprehensive conservation plan and for identifying the significant issues. Involved in the scoping process are federal, state and local agencies; private organizations; and individuals.
*'''[[shifting mosaic]]''' an interconnected patchwork of distinct vegetation types that may shift across the land surface as a result of dynamic ecosystem processes, such as periodic wildfire or flooding.
*'''[[spawn]]''' the act of reproduction of fishes--the mixing of the sperm from the male fish and the eggs of a female fish.
*'''[[special use permit]]''' a permit authorized by the refuge manager for an activity that is not usually available to the general public.
*'''[[species]]''' a distinctive kind of plant or animal having distinguishable characteristics, and that can interbreed and produce young. In taxonomy, a category of biological classification that refers to one or more populations of similar organisms that can reproduce with each other but is reproductively isolated from – that is, incapable of interbreeding with – all other kinds of organisms.
*'''[[species richness]]''' a simple measure of species diversity calculated as the total number of species in a habitat or community.
*'''[[stand]]''' an easily defined area of the forest that is relatively uniform in species composition or age and can be managed as a single unit.
*'''[[stopover habitat]]''' habitat where birds rest and feed during migration. Also called staging area.
*'''[[strategies]]''' a general approach or specific actions to achieve objectives.
*'''[[structure]]''' the horizontal and vertical arrangement of trees and other vegetation having different sizes, resulting in different degrees of canopy layering, tree heights, and diameters within a stand.
*'''[[succession]] '''the natural, sequential change of species composition of a community in a given area.
*'''[[terrestrial]]''' living on land.
*'''[[threatened species]]''' those plant or animal species likely to become endangered species throughout all of or a significant portion of their range within the foreseeable future. A plant or animal identified and defined in accordance with the 1973 Endangered Species Act and published in the Federal Register.
*'''[[torpor]]''' a state of decreased activity in an animal, usually short-term, often characterized by a reduced body temperature and rate of metabolism.
*'''[[trust resources]]''' national resources entrusted by Congress to the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service for conservation and protection. These “trust resources” include migratory birds, federal-listed endangered and threatened species, inter-jurisdictional fishes, wetlands, and certain marine mammals.
*'''[[understory]]''' the lower layer of vegetation in a stand, which may include short trees, shrubs, and herbaceous plants.
*'''[[vernal pool]]''' depressions holding water for a temporary period in spring and other high water periods, and in which several species of amphibians lay eggs.
*'''[[water rights]]''' the right of a user to use water from a source such as a river, stream, pond, or groundwater source.
*'''[[watershed]]''' the geographic area within which water drains into a particular river, stream, or body of water. A watershed includes both the land and the body of water into which the land drains.
*'''[[Wilderness Area]]''' An area designated by Congress as part of the National Wilderness Preservation System.
*'''[[wilderness study area]]''' Lands and waters identified by inventory as meeting the definition of wilderness and being evaluated for a recommendation that they be included in the Wilderness System.
*'''[[wildfire]]''' an unplanned, unwanted wildland fires including unauthorized human-caused fires, escaped wildland fires, escaped prescribed fires, and all other wildland fires where the objective is to put the fire out.
*'''[[wildland fire]]''' any non-structure fire that occurs in the wildland. Three distinct types of wildlife fire have been defined and include wildfire, wildland fire use, and prescribed fire. wildlife-dependent recreation A use of a refuge involving hunting, fishing, wildlife observation, wildlife photography, environmental education, or interpretation. The National Wildlife Refuge System Improvement Act of 1997 specifies that these are the six priority general public uses of the National Wildlife Refuge System.
Wildlife refers to all living organisms, including animals, birds, fish, reptiles, amphibians, insects, and other creatures, which live naturally in their habitats without being domesticated by humans. Wildlife is a crucial component of Earth's biodiversity and plays an essential role in maintaining the balance and health of ecosystems worldwide.
Wildlife encompasses all non-domesticated animals living naturally in their environment. It includes species ranging from large mammals such as elephants and tigers to smaller creatures like birds, insects, amphibians, and even microscopic organisms.
African Lion
Bald Eagle
Green Iguana
African Elephant
Poison Dart Frog
