Tag: visualeditor-wikitext |
|
| (One intermediate revision by one other user not shown) |
| Line 1: |
Line 1: |
| ==Pronunciation==
| | #Redirect [[Hepatitis A#Virology]] |
| HEH-puh-TY-tis ... VY-rus
| |
| [[File:Hepatitis A virus 01.jpg|alt=Hepatitis A virus|thumb|Hepatitis A virus]] | |
|
| |
|
| <youtube>
| | {{Italic title}} |
| title='''{{PAGENAME}}'''
| | {{Rcat shell|{{R from alternative scientific name|virus}}{{R to section}}{{R with possibilities}}{{R printworthy}}}} |
| movie_url=http://www.youtube.com/v/VSzn-B0w0fE
| |
| &rel=1
| |
| embed_source_url=http://www.youtube.com/v/VSzn-B0w0fE
| |
| &rel=1
| |
| wrap = yes
| |
| width=750
| |
| height=600
| |
| </youtube>
| |
|
| |
|
| ==Summary==
| |
| * Hepatitis A virus is a virus that causes a serious liver disease.
| |
| * It is usually spread by contact with an infected person’s stool by eating food he or she has handled after not washing hands, but it can be spread in other ways.
| |
| * Symptoms of infection include jaundice, dark urine, and fever and other flu-like symptoms.
| |
| [[File:Hepatitis.gif|alt=Hepatitis|thumb|'''Hepatitis''']]
| |
| ==Definition==
| |
| * Hepatitis means [[inflammation]] of the [[liver]].
| |
| * When the liver is inflamed or damaged, its function can be affected.
| |
| * Heavy alcohol use, toxins, some medications, and certain medical conditions can cause hepatitis, but it is often caused by a virus.
| |
| * In the United States, the most common hepatitis viruses are hepatitis A virus, hepatitis B virus, and hepatitis C virus.
| |
| * Hepatitis A is a highly contagious, short-term liver infection caused by the hepatitis A virus.
| |
| * People who get hepatitis A may feel sick for a few weeks to several months but usually recover completely and do not have lasting liver damage. In rare cases, hepatitis A can cause liver failure and even death; this is more common in older people and in people with other serious health issues, such as chronic liver disease.
| |
|
| |
| ==Incidence==
| |
| * In 2018, there were an estimated 24,900 hepatitis A cases were reported in the United States.
| |
| * Because some people don’t ever get diagnosed, the actual number of cases reported in that year is probably closer to 24,900.
| |
| * Since 2016, person-to-person outbreaks of hepatitis A have been occurring across the United States mainly among people who use injection drugs or are experiencing homelessness, resulting in more than 32,000 cases.
| |
|
| |
| ==Risk factors==
| |
| * International travelers
| |
| * Men who have sex with men
| |
| * People who use injection or non-injection drugs (all those who use illegal drugs)
| |
| * People with occupational risk for exposure
| |
| * People who anticipate close personal contact with an international adoptee
| |
| * People experiencing homelessness
| |
| * People at increased risk for severe disease from HAV infection
| |
| * People with chronic liver disease
| |
| * People with human immunodeficiency virus infection
| |
| * For more information about assessing risk for hepatitis A, refer to Table 3 in Prevention of Hepatitis A Virus Infection in the United States: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices, 2020.
| |
|
| |
| ==Signs and symptoms==
| |
| Among older children and adults, [[infection]] is typically symptomatic.
| |
| Symptoms usually occur abruptly and can include the following:
| |
| * [[Fever]]
| |
| * [[Fatigue]]
| |
| * [[Loss of appetite]]
| |
| * [[Nausea]]
| |
| * [[Vomiting]]
| |
| * [[Abdominal pain]]
| |
| * [[Dark urine]]
| |
| * [[Diarrhea]]
| |
| * [[Clay-colored stool]]
| |
| * [[Joint pain]]
| |
| * [[Jaundice]]
| |
|
| |
| Most (70%) of infections in children younger than age 6 are not accompanied by symptoms.
| |
| When symptoms are present, young children typically do not have jaundice; most (>70%) older children and adults with HAV infection have this symptom.
| |
|
| |
| <youtube>
| |
| title='''{{PAGENAME}}'''
| |
| movie_url=http://www.youtube.com/v/SB5BTwZ-Yd8
| |
| &rel=1
| |
| embed_source_url=http://www.youtube.com/v/SB5BTwZ-Yd8
| |
| &rel=1
| |
| wrap = yes
| |
| width=750
| |
| height=600
| |
| </youtube>
| |
|
| |
| ==Incubation period==
| |
| * Symptoms of hepatitis A usually last less than 2 months, although 10%–15% of symptomatic persons have prolonged or relapsing disease for up to 6 months (9–13).
| |
| * The average incubation period for HAV is 28 days and ranges between 15–50 days.
| |
|
| |
| ==Diagnosis==
| |
| Diagnosis is with a combination of history, physical examination including travel and food history, symptoms, ordering a blood tests for hepatitis A.
| |
|
| |
| ==Treatment==
| |
| * To treat the symptoms of hepatitis A, rest, adequate nutrition, fluids and other supportive measures are recommended.
| |
| * Some people with severe symptoms will need medical care in a hospital.
| |
|
| |
| ==Vaccination==
| |
| * Vaccination with the full, two-dose series of hepatitis A vaccine is the best way to prevent infection.
| |
| * Hepatitis A vaccine has been licensed in the United States for use in people 1 year of age and older.
| |
|
| |
| The following people should be vaccinated against hepatitis A:
| |
|
| |
| '''Children'''
| |
| * All children aged 12–23 months
| |
| * All children and adolescents 2–18 years of age who have not previously received hepatitis A vaccine (known as “catch up” vaccination)
| |
| * People at increased risk for hepatitis A
| |
|
| |
| People at increased risk for severe disease from hepatitis A infection
| |
|
| |
| '''Other people recommended for vaccination'''
| |
| * Pregnant women at risk for hepatitis A or risk for severe outcome from hepatitis A infection
| |
| * Any person who requests vaccination
| |
| * How is the hepatitis A vaccine given?
| |
| * There are two types of hepatitis A vaccine.
| |
|
| |
| ===Vaccination schedule===
| |
| * The first type, the single-dose hepatitis A vaccine, is given as two shots, 6 months apart, and both shots are needed for long-term protection against hepatitis A.
| |
| * The other type is a combination vaccine that protects people against both hepatitis A and hepatitis B.
| |
| * The combination vaccine can be given to anyone 18 years of age and older and is given as three shots over 6 months.
| |
| * All three shots are needed for long-term protection for both hepatitis A and hepatitis B.
| |
|
| |
| ===Immunoglobulins===
| |
| * Immune globulin can provide short-term protection against hepatitis A, both pre- and postexposure.
| |
| * Immune globulin must be administered within 2 weeks after exposure for maximum protection.
| |
| * Given that the virus is transmitted through the fecal-oral route, good hand hygiene—including handwashing after using the bathroom, changing diapers, and before preparing or eating food—is integral to hepatitis A prevention.
| |
|
| |
| {{stub}}
| |
| {{Viral diseases}}
| |
| {{Consumer Food Safety}}
| |
| {{Taxonbar|from=Q24722353|from2=Q4112120}}
| |
| [[Category:Hepatitis A| ]]
| |
| [[Category:RTTID]]
| |
| [[Category:Picornaviridae]] | | [[Category:Picornaviridae]] |
| [[Category:Vaccine-preventable diseases]]
| | [[Category:Hepatitis A]] |
| [[Category:Hepatitis|+A]] | |
