Haganah: Difference between revisions

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[[File:Haganah_Symbol.svg|thumb|Haganah_Symbol]] [[file:Star_of_David.svg|right|thumb|Star_of_David]] [[file:HAGANA_POSTER_FROM_THE_1940._כרזה_משנות_ה-40_של_אירגון_ההגנה.D247-012.jpg|right|thumb|HAGANA_POSTER_FROM_THE_1940._כרזה_משנות_ה-40_של_אירגון_ההגנה.D247-012]] [[file:PikiWiki_Israel_10_8e21a3d5fd8f5022e61517a641db6fa1.JPG|thumb|PikiWiki_Israel_10_8e21a3d5fd8f5022e61517a641db6fa1]] [[file:Sinking_of_the_Patria_(1940).jpg|thumb|Sinking_of_the_Patria_(1940)]] [[file:JEWISH_SOLIDERS_IN_THE_BRITISH_ARMY_MARCHING_ON_"PETAH_TIKVA"_ROAD_IN_TEL_AVIV_ON_"JEWISH_SOLDIERS_DAY"._יום_החייל_היהודי._בצילום,_מצעד_של_חיילים_יהודD817-121.jpg|thumb|JEWISH_SOLIDERS_IN_THE_BRITISH_ARMY_MARCHING_ON_"PETAH_TIKVA"_ROAD_IN_TEL_AVIV_ON_"JEWISH_SOLDIERS_DAY"._יום_החייל_היהודי._בצילום,_מצעד_של_חיילים_יהודD817-121]] [[file:To-the-flag.jpg|thumb|To-the-flag]] '''Haganah''' (Hebrew: הַהֲגָנָה‎, "The Defense") was a Jewish paramilitary organization in the British Mandate of Palestine from 1920 to 1948. It was the main precursor to the [[Israel Defense Forces]] (IDF).
[[File:Star of David.svg|thumb]] [[File:HAGANA POSTER FROM THE 1940. כרזה משנות ה-40 של אירגון ההגנה.D247-012.jpg|thumb]] [[File:PikiWiki Israel 10 8e21a3d5fd8f5022e61517a641db6fa1.JPG|thumb]] [[File:Sinking of the Patria (1940).jpg|thumb]] {{Infobox organization
| name = Haganah
| native_name = ההגנה
| native_name_lang = he
| logo = <!-- No image -->
| formation = 1920
| dissolution = 1948
| successor = [[Israel Defense Forces]]
| headquarters = [[Tel Aviv]], [[Mandatory Palestine]]
| type = Paramilitary organization
| purpose = Defense of Jewish communities in Palestine
| region_served = [[Mandatory Palestine]]
| language = [[Hebrew]]
}}
 
The '''Haganah''' (Hebrew: ההגנה, "The Defense") was a Jewish paramilitary organization in the British Mandate of Palestine from 1920 to 1948. It was the main defense force of the Jewish community in Palestine and played a crucial role in the establishment of the State of Israel.


== History ==
== History ==
The Haganah was established in June 1920 to defend Jewish communities from Arab attacks. Initially, it was a loose organization of local defense groups, but it gradually became a more structured and centralized organization. The Haganah played a crucial role in the defense of Jewish settlements and in the establishment of the State of [[Israel]].
The Haganah was formed in response to the 1920 [[Nebi Musa riots]] and the 1921 [[Jaffa riots]], which highlighted the need for a unified Jewish defense force. Initially, it was a loose organization of local defense groups, but it gradually evolved into a more structured and centralized organization.
 
=== Early Years (1920-1936) ===
In its early years, the Haganah was primarily concerned with defending Jewish settlements from Arab attacks. It operated clandestinely, as the British authorities did not officially recognize it. During this period, the Haganah focused on training its members and acquiring arms, often smuggled into the country.


=== Early Years ===
=== The Arab Revolt (1936-1939) ===
In its early years, the Haganah was primarily a defensive organization. It focused on protecting Jewish settlements from Arab rioters and bandits. The organization was clandestine and operated under the radar of the British authorities, who controlled Palestine at the time.
The [[Arab Revolt]] of 1936-1939 was a turning point for the Haganah. The British authorities, overwhelmed by the revolt, began to cooperate with the Haganah, allowing it to expand and improve its capabilities. The Haganah established the "[[Field Companies]]" (Plugot Sadeh) and the "[[Special Night Squads]]" under the command of [[Orde Wingate]], a British officer who supported the Zionist cause.


=== 1936-1939 Arab Revolt ===
=== World War II and the Jewish Brigade ===
During the [[1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine]], the Haganah expanded its operations and began to take on a more offensive role. It carried out retaliatory attacks against Arab militants and established a network of fortified settlements known as "stockade and tower" (Hebrew: חומה ומגדל‎, ''Homa u'Migdal'').
During [[World War II]], the Haganah cooperated with the British against the Axis powers. Many Haganah members joined the [[Jewish Brigade]] of the British Army, gaining valuable military experience. This period also saw the formation of the "[[Palmach]]", the elite strike force of the Haganah.


=== World War II ===
=== Post-War Period and the Struggle for Independence ===
During [[World War II]], the Haganah cooperated with the British authorities against the threat of a German invasion. Many Haganah members joined the [[Jewish Brigade]] of the British Army. The Haganah also established the [[Palmach]], an elite strike force, in 1941.
After World War II, the Haganah focused on facilitating Jewish immigration to Palestine, in defiance of British restrictions. This was part of the "[[Aliyah Bet]]" operation. The Haganah also prepared for the impending conflict with the Arab states, which was anticipated following the end of the British Mandate.


=== Post-War Period ===
=== The 1947-1948 Civil War in Mandatory Palestine ===
After World War II, the Haganah focused on facilitating Jewish immigration to Palestine, in defiance of British restrictions. This period saw the establishment of the [[Aliyah Bet]] program, which smuggled Holocaust survivors and other Jews into Palestine.
Following the [[United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine]] in 1947, violence erupted between Jewish and Arab communities. The Haganah played a central role in defending Jewish areas and securing territory for the future state. It launched "[[Plan Dalet]]" to secure Jewish settlements and establish control over key areas.


=== 1947-1948 Civil War ===
=== Transition to the Israel Defense Forces ===
During the [[1947–1948 Civil War in Mandatory Palestine]], the Haganah played a central role in the defense of Jewish communities and in the conquest of Arab towns and villages. The Haganah's operations during this period laid the groundwork for the establishment of the IDF.
On May 26, 1948, shortly after the declaration of the State of Israel, the Haganah was officially transformed into the [[Israel Defense Forces]] (IDF), the national army of Israel. This marked the end of the Haganah as a separate entity.


== Structure ==
== Organization and Structure ==
The Haganah was organized into several branches, including the [[Palmach]], the [[Irgun]], and the [[Lehi (group)|Lehi]]. Each branch had its own command structure and specialized in different types of operations.
The Haganah was organized into several branches, including the "[[Palmach]]" (elite strike force), the "[[Irgun]]" (a more militant offshoot), and the "[[Lehi]]" (also known as the Stern Gang). It had a hierarchical structure with a central command, regional commands, and local units.


== Legacy ==
== Legacy ==
The Haganah is considered a foundational element of the modern [[Israel Defense Forces]]. Many of its members went on to hold prominent positions in the IDF and in Israeli politics.
The Haganah is remembered as a key force in the establishment of the State of Israel. Its members went on to become leaders in the IDF and the Israeli government. The Haganah's legacy is celebrated in Israel, and its history is taught as part of the national narrative.


== Related Pages ==
== Also see ==
* [[Israel Defense Forces]]
* [[Israel Defense Forces]]
* [[Palmach]]
* [[Palmach]]
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* [[Jewish Brigade]]
* [[Jewish Brigade]]
* [[Aliyah Bet]]
* [[Aliyah Bet]]
* [[1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine]]
* [[Plan Dalet]]
* [[1947–1948 Civil War in Mandatory Palestine]]
 
{{Jewish military history}}
{{Zionism}}


== Categories ==
[[Category:Jewish military history]]
[[Category:Zionist organizations]]
[[Category:Zionist organizations]]
[[Category:Paramilitary organizations]]
[[Category:Jewish military units and formations]]
[[Category:History of Israel]]
[[Category:History of Israel]]
 
[[Category:Organizations established in 1920]]
{{JewishHistory-stub}}
[[Category:Organizations disestablished in 1948]]

Latest revision as of 15:46, 9 December 2024

Haganah
[[File:|250px|alt=]]
Formation 1920
Type Paramilitary organization
Headquarters Tel Aviv, Mandatory Palestine
Membership N/A
Language Hebrew
Leader title N/A
Leader name N/A
Website N/A


The Haganah (Hebrew: ההגנה, "The Defense") was a Jewish paramilitary organization in the British Mandate of Palestine from 1920 to 1948. It was the main defense force of the Jewish community in Palestine and played a crucial role in the establishment of the State of Israel.

History[edit]

The Haganah was formed in response to the 1920 Nebi Musa riots and the 1921 Jaffa riots, which highlighted the need for a unified Jewish defense force. Initially, it was a loose organization of local defense groups, but it gradually evolved into a more structured and centralized organization.

Early Years (1920-1936)[edit]

In its early years, the Haganah was primarily concerned with defending Jewish settlements from Arab attacks. It operated clandestinely, as the British authorities did not officially recognize it. During this period, the Haganah focused on training its members and acquiring arms, often smuggled into the country.

The Arab Revolt (1936-1939)[edit]

The Arab Revolt of 1936-1939 was a turning point for the Haganah. The British authorities, overwhelmed by the revolt, began to cooperate with the Haganah, allowing it to expand and improve its capabilities. The Haganah established the "Field Companies" (Plugot Sadeh) and the "Special Night Squads" under the command of Orde Wingate, a British officer who supported the Zionist cause.

World War II and the Jewish Brigade[edit]

During World War II, the Haganah cooperated with the British against the Axis powers. Many Haganah members joined the Jewish Brigade of the British Army, gaining valuable military experience. This period also saw the formation of the "Palmach", the elite strike force of the Haganah.

Post-War Period and the Struggle for Independence[edit]

After World War II, the Haganah focused on facilitating Jewish immigration to Palestine, in defiance of British restrictions. This was part of the "Aliyah Bet" operation. The Haganah also prepared for the impending conflict with the Arab states, which was anticipated following the end of the British Mandate.

The 1947-1948 Civil War in Mandatory Palestine[edit]

Following the United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine in 1947, violence erupted between Jewish and Arab communities. The Haganah played a central role in defending Jewish areas and securing territory for the future state. It launched "Plan Dalet" to secure Jewish settlements and establish control over key areas.

Transition to the Israel Defense Forces[edit]

On May 26, 1948, shortly after the declaration of the State of Israel, the Haganah was officially transformed into the Israel Defense Forces (IDF), the national army of Israel. This marked the end of the Haganah as a separate entity.

Organization and Structure[edit]

The Haganah was organized into several branches, including the "Palmach" (elite strike force), the "Irgun" (a more militant offshoot), and the "Lehi" (also known as the Stern Gang). It had a hierarchical structure with a central command, regional commands, and local units.

Legacy[edit]

The Haganah is remembered as a key force in the establishment of the State of Israel. Its members went on to become leaders in the IDF and the Israeli government. The Haganah's legacy is celebrated in Israel, and its history is taught as part of the national narrative.

Also see[edit]

Template:Jewish military history

Zionism
Concepts
Ideologies
History and
timelines
Holidays
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