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<p><b>New page</b></p><div>[[File:Windows_NT_logo.svg|thumb|Windows_NT_logo.svg]] [[File:Windows_2000_architecture.svg|thumb|left|Windows_2000_architecture.svg]] {{Short description|Family of Microsoft operating systems}}<br />
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'''Windows NT''' is a family of [[operating system]]s produced by [[Microsoft]], the first version of which was released in July 1993. It is a processor-independent, multiprocessing, and multi-user operating system. The first version of Windows NT was [[Windows NT 3.1]], which was intended to complement consumer versions of Windows that were based on [[MS-DOS]] (including [[Windows 1.0]], [[Windows 2.0]], [[Windows 3.0]], and [[Windows 3.1x]]).<br />
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== History ==<br />
Windows NT was designed to be a powerful, high-level language-based, processor-independent, multiprocessing, and multi-user operating system with features comparable to [[UNIX]]. It was intended to complement the consumer versions of Windows that were based on MS-DOS. The main architect of Windows NT was [[David N. Cutler]], one of the chief architects of [[VMS]] at [[Digital Equipment Corporation]].<br />
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== Architecture ==<br />
Windows NT's architecture is divided into two layers: the [[user mode]] and the [[kernel mode]]. The user mode is where applications and subsystems run, while the kernel mode is where the core operating system functions are executed. The kernel mode includes the [[Executive]], which provides various services such as [[process management]], [[memory management]], and [[I/O management]].<br />
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=== User Mode ===<br />
User mode in Windows NT consists of the [[Environment Subsystems]] and the [[Integral Subsystems]]. The environment subsystems provide support for different types of applications, such as [[Win32]], [[POSIX]], and [[OS/2]]. The integral subsystems include the [[Security Subsystem]] and the [[Object Manager]].<br />
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=== Kernel Mode ===<br />
Kernel mode in Windows NT includes the [[Kernel]], the [[Executive]], and the [[Hardware Abstraction Layer]] (HAL). The kernel is responsible for low-level tasks such as thread scheduling and interrupt handling. The executive provides higher-level services such as process and memory management. The HAL abstracts the hardware details from the rest of the operating system, allowing Windows NT to run on different hardware platforms.<br />
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== Features ==<br />
Windows NT introduced several key features that were not available in the consumer versions of Windows at the time. These features include:<br />
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* [[Preemptive multitasking]]<br />
* [[Security model]] based on [[Access Control Lists]] (ACLs)<br />
* [[NTFS]] (New Technology File System)<br />
* [[Unicode]] support<br />
* [[Symmetric multiprocessing]] (SMP) support<br />
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== Versions ==<br />
The Windows NT family includes several versions, each with its own set of features and improvements. Some of the notable versions include:<br />
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* [[Windows NT 3.1]]<br />
* [[Windows NT 3.5]]<br />
* [[Windows NT 3.51]]<br />
* [[Windows NT 4.0]]<br />
* [[Windows 2000]]<br />
* [[Windows XP]]<br />
* [[Windows Server 2003]]<br />
* [[Windows Vista]]<br />
* [[Windows Server 2008]]<br />
* [[Windows 7]]<br />
* [[Windows Server 2008 R2]]<br />
* [[Windows 8]]<br />
* [[Windows Server 2012]]<br />
* [[Windows 8.1]]<br />
* [[Windows Server 2012 R2]]<br />
* [[Windows 10]]<br />
* [[Windows Server 2016]]<br />
* [[Windows Server 2019]]<br />
* [[Windows 11]]<br />
* [[Windows Server 2022]]<br />
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== See also ==<br />
* [[Microsoft Windows]]<br />
* [[Windows 9x]]<br />
* [[Windows CE]]<br />
* [[Windows Embedded]]<br />
* [[Windows Mobile]]<br />
* [[Windows Phone]]<br />
* [[Windows Server]]<br />
* [[Windows Subsystem for Linux]]<br />
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== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
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{{Microsoft Windows}}<br />
{{Operating systems}}<br />
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[[Category:Microsoft Windows]]<br />
[[Category:Operating system families]]<br />
[[Category:1993 software]]<br />
[[Category:Computer-related introductions in 1993]]<br />
[[Category:Windows NT]]<br />
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