Vaccinia - Revision history

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	==Vaccinia==		{{SI}}
			{{Infobox medical condition
	[[File:Vaccinia_virus_PHIL_2143_lores.jpg\|~~thumb\|right\|~~Electron micrograph of the Vaccinia virus]]		\| name = Vaccinia
			\| image = [[File:Vaccinia_virus_PHIL_2143_lores.jpg]]
			\| caption = Electron micrograph of the [[Vaccinia virus]]
			\| field = [[Infectious disease]]
			\| symptoms = [[Fever]], [[rash]], [[lymphadenopathy]]
			\| complications = [[Encephalitis]], [[progressive vaccinia]], [[eczema vaccinatum]]
			\| onset = 3 to 5 days after exposure
			\| duration = 2 to 3 weeks
			\| causes = [[Vaccinia virus]]
			\| risks = [[Immunocompromised]] individuals, [[eczema]]
			\| diagnosis = [[Polymerase chain reaction\|PCR]], [[serology]]
			\| prevention = [[Smallpox vaccine]]
			\| treatment = [[Supportive care]], [[antiviral drugs]]
			\| prognosis = Generally good in healthy individuals
			\| frequency = Rare, primarily in laboratory settings
			\| deaths = Rare
			}}
	'''Vaccinia''' is a virus belonging to the [[Poxviridae]] family, which is used as a live virus vaccine for the prevention of [[smallpox]]. It is a member of the [[Orthopoxvirus]] genus, which also includes the [[variola virus]] (the causative agent of smallpox), the [[cowpox virus]], and the [[monkeypox virus]]. Vaccinia virus is notable for its role in the successful eradication of smallpox, a major achievement in public health.		'''Vaccinia''' is a virus belonging to the [[Poxviridae]] family, which is used as a live virus vaccine for the prevention of [[smallpox]]. It is a member of the [[Orthopoxvirus]] genus, which also includes the [[variola virus]] (the causative agent of smallpox), the [[cowpox virus]], and the [[monkeypox virus]]. Vaccinia virus is notable for its role in the successful eradication of smallpox, a major achievement in public health.

	==Structure and Genetics==		==Structure and Genetics==

	Vaccinia virus is a large, complex, enveloped virus with a linear double-stranded [[DNA]] genome. The genome is approximately 190 kilobase pairs in length and encodes for around 200 proteins. The virus has a complex structure with a biconcave core and lateral bodies, which are thought to contain enzymes essential for the early stages of infection.		Vaccinia virus is a large, complex, enveloped virus with a linear double-stranded [[DNA]] genome. The genome is approximately 190 kilobase pairs in length and encodes for around 200 proteins. The virus has a complex structure with a biconcave core and lateral bodies, which are thought to contain enzymes essential for the early stages of infection.

	==Life Cycle==		==Life Cycle==

	The life cycle of the vaccinia virus begins with attachment to the host cell surface, followed by entry into the cell. Once inside, the virus uncoats and releases its DNA into the cytoplasm. Unlike many other DNA viruses, vaccinia replicates entirely in the cytoplasm of the host cell. The virus uses its own machinery to transcribe and replicate its DNA, producing viral proteins and assembling new virions. These new virions are then released from the host cell to infect other cells.		The life cycle of the vaccinia virus begins with attachment to the host cell surface, followed by entry into the cell. Once inside, the virus uncoats and releases its DNA into the cytoplasm. Unlike many other DNA viruses, vaccinia replicates entirely in the cytoplasm of the host cell. The virus uses its own machinery to transcribe and replicate its DNA, producing viral proteins and assembling new virions. These new virions are then released from the host cell to infect other cells.

	==Use in Vaccination==		==Use in Vaccination==
			[[File:Smallpox_vaccine_site.jpg\|left\|thumb\|A smallpox vaccination site on the arm]]
	[[File:Smallpox_vaccine_site.jpg\|thumb~~\|right~~\|A smallpox vaccination site on the arm]]

	Vaccinia virus is used in the smallpox vaccine, which was the first successful vaccine to be developed. The vaccine is administered by scarification, a method that involves pricking the skin with a bifurcated needle that has been dipped in the vaccine solution. This method creates a localized infection that induces immunity to smallpox.		Vaccinia virus is used in the smallpox vaccine, which was the first successful vaccine to be developed. The vaccine is administered by scarification, a method that involves pricking the skin with a bifurcated needle that has been dipped in the vaccine solution. This method creates a localized infection that induces immunity to smallpox.

	The use of vaccinia virus in vaccination led to the global eradication of smallpox, declared by the [[World Health Organization]] in 1980. The vaccine is still used today for certain high-risk groups, such as laboratory workers who handle orthopoxviruses and military personnel.		The use of vaccinia virus in vaccination led to the global eradication of smallpox, declared by the [[World Health Organization]] in 1980. The vaccine is still used today for certain high-risk groups, such as laboratory workers who handle orthopoxviruses and military personnel.

	==Safety and Side Effects==		==Safety and Side Effects==

	While the smallpox vaccine is generally safe, it can cause side effects, particularly in individuals with weakened immune systems or certain skin conditions. Common side effects include fever, fatigue, and a localized rash at the site of vaccination. More serious complications, such as [[eczema vaccinatum]], [[progressive vaccinia]], and [[postvaccinal encephalitis]], are rare but can occur.		While the smallpox vaccine is generally safe, it can cause side effects, particularly in individuals with weakened immune systems or certain skin conditions. Common side effects include fever, fatigue, and a localized rash at the site of vaccination. More serious complications, such as [[eczema vaccinatum]], [[progressive vaccinia]], and [[postvaccinal encephalitis]], are rare but can occur.

	==Research and Applications==		==Research and Applications==

	Vaccinia virus is also used as a tool in [[biotechnology]] and [[genetic engineering]]. Its ability to accommodate large foreign DNA sequences makes it an attractive vector for vaccine development against other infectious diseases and for cancer immunotherapy. Researchers are exploring its use in developing vaccines for diseases such as [[HIV/AIDS]], [[influenza]], and [[cancer]].		Vaccinia virus is also used as a tool in [[biotechnology]] and [[genetic engineering]]. Its ability to accommodate large foreign DNA sequences makes it an attractive vector for vaccine development against other infectious diseases and for cancer immunotherapy. Researchers are exploring its use in developing vaccines for diseases such as [[HIV/AIDS]], [[influenza]], and [[cancer]].
			==See also==
	==~~Related Pages~~==

	* [[Smallpox]]		* [[Smallpox]]
	* [[Poxviridae]]		* [[Poxviridae]]
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	* [[Cowpox]]		* [[Cowpox]]
	* [[Monkeypox]]		* [[Monkeypox]]

	[[Category:Vaccines]]		[[Category:Vaccines]]
	[[Category:Orthopoxviruses]]		[[Category:Orthopoxviruses]]
	[[Category:Smallpox]]		[[Category:Smallpox]]

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	== Vaccinia ==		==Vaccinia==

	[[File:Vaccinia_virus_PHIL_2143_lores.jpg\|thumb\|right\|Electron micrograph of the Vaccinia virus]]		[[File:Vaccinia_virus_PHIL_2143_lores.jpg\|thumb\|right\|Electron micrograph of the Vaccinia virus]]

	'''Vaccinia''' is a virus ~~that belongs~~ to the [[Poxviridae]] family, which includes ~~other notable viruses such as~~ [[smallpox]] and [[~~cowpox~~]]. It is ~~best known~~ for its role in the ~~[[smallpox vaccine]], which led to the~~ eradication of smallpox in ~~1980~~.		'''Vaccinia''' is a virus belonging to the [[Poxviridae]] family, which is used as a live virus vaccine for the prevention of [[smallpox]]. It is a member of the [[Orthopoxvirus]] genus, which also includes the [[variola virus]] (the causative agent of smallpox), the [[cowpox virus]], and the [[monkeypox virus]]. Vaccinia virus is notable for its role in the successful eradication of smallpox, a major achievement in public health.

	== ~~History~~ ==		==Structure and Genetics==

	~~The use of vaccinia~~ virus ~~in vaccination dates back to the late 18th century when~~ [[~~Edward Jenner~~]] ~~discovered that milkmaids who had contracted cowpox were immune to smallpox~~. ~~Jenner used material from cowpox lesions~~ to ~~inoculate people, a practice that eventually evolved into~~ the ~~use~~ of ~~vaccinia virus~~.		Vaccinia virus is a large, complex, enveloped virus with a linear double-stranded [[DNA]] genome. The genome is approximately 190 kilobase pairs in length and encodes for around 200 proteins. The virus has a complex structure with a biconcave core and lateral bodies, which are thought to contain enzymes essential for the early stages of infection.

	== ~~Characteristics~~ ==		==Life Cycle==

	~~Vaccinia~~ virus ~~is a large~~, ~~complex~~, ~~enveloped~~ virus ~~with a linear double-stranded [[~~DNA~~]] genome~~. It replicates in the [[cytoplasm]] of host ~~cells~~, ~~unlike most DNA viruses that replicate in~~ the ~~[[nucleus]]~~.		The life cycle of the vaccinia virus begins with attachment to the host cell surface, followed by entry into the cell. Once inside, the virus uncoats and releases its DNA into the cytoplasm. Unlike many other DNA viruses, vaccinia replicates entirely in the cytoplasm of the host cell. The virus uses its own machinery to transcribe and replicate its DNA, producing viral proteins and assembling new virions. These new virions are then released from the host cell to infect other cells.

	== Use in Vaccination ==		==Use in Vaccination==

	[[File:Smallpox_vaccine_site.jpg\|thumb\|right\|A smallpox vaccination site on the arm]]		[[File:Smallpox_vaccine_site.jpg\|thumb\|right\|A smallpox vaccination site on the arm]]

	Vaccinia virus is used in the smallpox vaccine ~~because it provides immunity against smallpox without causing~~ the ~~disease itself~~. The vaccine is administered ~~using~~ a bifurcated needle that ~~pricks~~ the ~~skin multiple times, creating~~ a ~~small lesion~~ that ~~heals over time~~.		Vaccinia virus is used in the smallpox vaccine, which was the first successful vaccine to be developed. The vaccine is administered by scarification, a method that involves pricking the skin with a bifurcated needle that has been dipped in the vaccine solution. This method creates a localized infection that induces immunity to smallpox.

	~~== Modern Applications ==~~		The use of vaccinia virus in vaccination led to the global eradication of smallpox, declared by the [[World Health Organization]] in 1980. The vaccine is still used today for certain high-risk groups, such as laboratory workers who handle orthopoxviruses and military personnel.

	~~In addition to its historical use in smallpox vaccination, vaccinia virus is being explored as a vector for delivering [[genes]] in [[gene therapy]]~~ and ~~as a platform for developing vaccines against other infectious diseases.~~		==Safety and Side Effects==

	~~== Safety~~ and ~~Side Effects ==~~		While the smallpox vaccine is generally safe, it can cause side effects, particularly in individuals with weakened immune systems or certain skin conditions. Common side effects include fever, fatigue, and a localized rash at the site of vaccination. More serious complications, such as [[eczema vaccinatum]], [[progressive vaccinia]], and [[postvaccinal encephalitis]], are rare but can occur.

	~~While the smallpox vaccine is generally safe, it can cause side effects, particularly in individuals with weakened immune systems. Common side effects include mild fever~~ and ~~rash, while more serious complications are rare.~~		==Research and Applications==

	== Related Pages ==		Vaccinia virus is also used as a tool in [[biotechnology]] and [[genetic engineering]]. Its ability to accommodate large foreign DNA sequences makes it an attractive vector for vaccine development against other infectious diseases and for cancer immunotherapy. Researchers are exploring its use in developing vaccines for diseases such as [[HIV/AIDS]], [[influenza]], and [[cancer]].

			==Related Pages==

	* [[Smallpox]]		* [[Smallpox]]
	* [[Edward Jenner]]
	* [[Poxviridae]]		* [[Poxviridae]]
			* [[Orthopoxvirus]]
	~~== References ==~~		* [[Variola virus]]
			* [[Cowpox]]
	* ~~Fenner, F., Henderson, D. A., Arita, I., Jezek, Z., & Ladnyi, I. D. (1988). ''Smallpox and its Eradication''. Geneva: World Health Organization.~~		* [[Monkeypox]]
	* ~~Moss, B. (2001). "Poxviridae: The Viruses and Their Replication." In D. M. Knipe & P. M. Howley (Eds.), ''Fields Virology'' (4th ed., pp. 2849-2883). Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.~~

	[[~~File:Smallpox_vaccine_USP.jpg\|thumb\|right\|Vial of smallpox vaccine~~]]

	~~{{Smallpox}}~~

	[[Category:Vaccines]]		[[Category:Vaccines]]
	[[Category:~~Poxviruses~~]]		[[Category:Orthopoxviruses]]
	~~<gallery>~~		[[Category:Smallpox]]
	~~File:Vaccinia_virus_PHIL_2143_lores.jpg\|Vaccinia virus~~
	~~File~~:~~Smallpox_vaccine_site.jpg\|~~Smallpox ~~vaccine site~~
	~~File:Smallpox_vaccine_USP.jpg\|Smallpox vaccine~~
	~~</gallery>~~
	~~== Vaccinia ==~~
	~~<gallery>~~
	~~File:Vaccinia virus PHIL 2143 lores.jpg\|Vaccinia virus~~
	~~File:Smallpox vaccine site.jpg\|Smallpox vaccine site~~
	~~File:Smallpox vaccine USP.jpg\|Smallpox vaccine USP~~
	~~</gallery>~~

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	File:Smallpox_vaccine_site.jpg\|Smallpox vaccine site		File:Smallpox_vaccine_site.jpg\|Smallpox vaccine site
	File:Smallpox_vaccine_USP.jpg\|Smallpox vaccine		File:Smallpox_vaccine_USP.jpg\|Smallpox vaccine
			</gallery>
			== Vaccinia ==
			<gallery>
			File:Vaccinia virus PHIL 2143 lores.jpg\|Vaccinia virus
			File:Smallpox vaccine site.jpg\|Smallpox vaccine site
			File:Smallpox vaccine USP.jpg\|Smallpox vaccine USP
	</gallery>		</gallery>

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	[[Category:Vaccines]]		[[Category:Vaccines]]
	[[Category:Poxviruses]]		[[Category:Poxviruses]]
			<gallery>
			File:Vaccinia_virus_PHIL_2143_lores.jpg\|Vaccinia virus
			File:Smallpox_vaccine_site.jpg\|Smallpox vaccine site
			File:Smallpox_vaccine_USP.jpg\|Smallpox vaccine
			</gallery>

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	'''Vaccinia''' is a [[virus]] that belongs to the [[Poxviridae]] family and ~~the~~ [[~~Orthopoxvirus~~]] ~~genus~~. It is known for its role in ~~the development of~~ the [[smallpox]] vaccine~~, the first vaccine ever developed. The virus is not naturally occurring and is instead derived from the [[Variola virus~~]], the ~~virus that causes~~ smallpox.		== Vaccinia ==

			[[File:Vaccinia_virus_PHIL_2143_lores.jpg\|thumb\|right\|Electron micrograph of the Vaccinia virus]]

			'''Vaccinia''' is a virus that belongs to the [[Poxviridae]] family, which includes other notable viruses such as [[smallpox]] and [[cowpox]]. It is best known for its role in the [[smallpox vaccine]], which led to the eradication of smallpox in 1980.

	== History ==		== History ==

	~~Vaccinia was first used as a vaccine by~~ [[Edward Jenner]] ~~in 1796. Jenner~~ discovered that milkmaids who had contracted [[cowpox~~]], a disease similar~~ to smallpox, ~~did not get sick with smallpox. He hypothesized~~ that the ~~cowpox~~ virus ~~protected against smallpox and tested this theory by injecting a boy with cowpox. The boy did not get sick when later exposed to smallpox, proving Jenner's theory correct~~.		The use of vaccinia virus in vaccination dates back to the late 18th century when [[Edward Jenner]] discovered that milkmaids who had contracted cowpox were immune to smallpox. Jenner used material from cowpox lesions to inoculate people, a practice that eventually evolved into the use of vaccinia virus.

	== Characteristics ==		== Characteristics ==

	Vaccinia is a large, complex virus with a linear, double-stranded DNA genome. It replicates in the cytoplasm of ~~the~~ host ~~cell and produces several proteins that interfere with the host immune response~~, ~~including proteins~~ that ~~inhibit~~ the ~~host's ability to destroy~~ the virus ~~and proteins~~ that ~~inhibit~~ the ~~host's immune response~~.		Vaccinia virus is a large, complex, enveloped virus with a linear double-stranded [[DNA]] genome. It replicates in the [[cytoplasm]] of host cells, unlike most DNA viruses that replicate in the [[nucleus]].

			== Use in Vaccination ==

			[[File:Smallpox_vaccine_site.jpg\|thumb\|right\|A smallpox vaccination site on the arm]]

			Vaccinia virus is used in the smallpox vaccine because it provides immunity against smallpox without causing the disease itself. The vaccine is administered using a bifurcated needle that pricks the skin multiple times, creating a small lesion that heals over time.

	== ~~Use in Vaccines~~ ==		== Modern Applications ==

	~~Vaccinia is used~~ in ~~the~~ smallpox ~~vaccine because it~~ is ~~closely related to the Variola virus but does not cause serious illness~~ in ~~humans. The immune response to the Vaccinia virus is similar to the response to the Variola virus, providing immunity to smallpox~~.		In addition to its historical use in smallpox vaccination, vaccinia virus is being explored as a vector for delivering [[genes]] in [[gene therapy]] and as a platform for developing vaccines against other infectious diseases.

	== Safety and Side Effects ==		== Safety and Side Effects ==

	While the ~~Vaccinia virus does not cause serious illness in most people~~, it can cause side effects~~. These can range from mild, such as a rash or fever~~, ~~to severe, such as encephalitis or even death. The risk of serious side effects is higher~~ in ~~people~~ with weakened immune systems ~~or certain skin conditions~~.		While the smallpox vaccine is generally safe, it can cause side effects, particularly in individuals with weakened immune systems. Common side effects include mild fever and rash, while more serious complications are rare.

	== ~~See Also~~ ==		== Related Pages ==

	* [[Smallpox]]		* [[Smallpox]]
	* [[Edward Jenner]]		* [[Edward Jenner]]
	* [[~~Vaccine~~]]		* [[Poxviridae]]
	* [[~~Variola virus~~]]
			== References ==

			* Fenner, F., Henderson, D. A., Arita, I., Jezek, Z., & Ladnyi, I. D. (1988). ''Smallpox and its Eradication''. Geneva: World Health Organization.
			* Moss, B. (2001). "Poxviridae: The Viruses and Their Replication." In D. M. Knipe & P. M. Howley (Eds.), ''Fields Virology'' (4th ed., pp. 2849-2883). Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.

			[[File:Smallpox_vaccine_USP.jpg\|thumb\|right\|Vial of smallpox vaccine]]

			{{Smallpox}}

	~~[[Category:Virus]]~~
	[[Category:Vaccines]]		[[Category:Vaccines]]
	[[Category:~~Medical~~]]		[[Category:Poxviruses]]

	~~{{stub}}~~

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New page

'''Vaccinia''' is a [[virus]] that belongs to the [[Poxviridae]] family and the [[Orthopoxvirus]] genus. It is known for its role in the development of the [[smallpox]] vaccine, the first vaccine ever developed. The virus is not naturally occurring and is instead derived from the [[Variola virus]], the virus that causes smallpox.

== History ==

Vaccinia was first used as a vaccine by [[Edward Jenner]] in 1796. Jenner discovered that milkmaids who had contracted [[cowpox]], a disease similar to smallpox, did not get sick with smallpox. He hypothesized that the cowpox virus protected against smallpox and tested this theory by injecting a boy with cowpox. The boy did not get sick when later exposed to smallpox, proving Jenner's theory correct.

== Characteristics ==

Vaccinia is a large, complex virus with a linear, double-stranded DNA genome. It replicates in the cytoplasm of the host cell and produces several proteins that interfere with the host immune response, including proteins that inhibit the host's ability to destroy the virus and proteins that inhibit the host's immune response.

== Use in Vaccines ==

Vaccinia is used in the smallpox vaccine because it is closely related to the Variola virus but does not cause serious illness in humans. The immune response to the Vaccinia virus is similar to the response to the Variola virus, providing immunity to smallpox.

== Safety and Side Effects ==

While the Vaccinia virus does not cause serious illness in most people, it can cause side effects. These can range from mild, such as a rash or fever, to severe, such as encephalitis or even death. The risk of serious side effects is higher in people with weakened immune systems or certain skin conditions.

== See Also ==

* [[Smallpox]]
* [[Edward Jenner]]
* [[Vaccine]]
* [[Variola virus]]

[[Category:Virus]]
[[Category:Vaccines]]
[[Category:Medical]]

{{stub}}