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== Introduction ==<br />
The '''Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor''' ('''VEGFR''') is a type of [[receptor tyrosine kinase]] that plays a crucial role in the regulation of [[angiogenesis]], the process by which new blood vessels form from pre-existing vessels. VEGFRs are primarily expressed on [[endothelial cells]], which line the interior surface of blood vessels, and are activated by binding to [[vascular endothelial growth factor]] (VEGF) ligands.<br />
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== Structure ==<br />
[[File:1djs.jpg|Structure of VEGF receptor|thumb|right]]<br />
VEGFRs are transmembrane proteins that consist of an extracellular domain, a single transmembrane helix, and an intracellular tyrosine kinase domain. The extracellular domain is responsible for binding to VEGF ligands and is composed of seven immunoglobulin-like domains. The intracellular domain contains the kinase activity necessary for signal transduction.<br />
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== Types of VEGF Receptors ==<br />
There are three main types of VEGF receptors:<br />
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* '''VEGFR-1''' (Flt-1): This receptor has a high affinity for VEGF-A and is involved in the regulation of [[angiogenesis]] and [[vascular permeability]].<br />
* '''VEGFR-2''' (KDR/Flk-1): This is the principal mediator of the mitogenic, angiogenic, and permeability-enhancing effects of VEGF.<br />
* '''VEGFR-3''' (Flt-4): Primarily involved in [[lymphangiogenesis]], the formation of lymphatic vessels.<br />
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== Function ==<br />
[[File:VEGF_receptors.png|VEGF receptor signaling pathways|thumb|left]]<br />
Upon binding of VEGF to its receptor, VEGFR undergoes dimerization and autophosphorylation of specific tyrosine residues in the intracellular domain. This activation triggers a cascade of downstream signaling pathways, including the [[PI3K/AKT pathway]], the [[MAPK/ERK pathway]], and the [[PLCĪ³ pathway]], which collectively promote endothelial cell proliferation, migration, and survival.<br />
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== Clinical Significance ==<br />
VEGFRs are critical targets in the treatment of various diseases characterized by abnormal blood vessel growth, such as [[cancer]], [[age-related macular degeneration]], and [[diabetic retinopathy]]. Inhibitors of VEGFR, such as [[sunitinib]] and [[sorafenib]], are used as therapeutic agents to block angiogenesis in tumors, thereby inhibiting tumor growth and metastasis.<br />
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== Related Pages ==<br />
* [[Angiogenesis]]<br />
* [[Receptor tyrosine kinase]]<br />
* [[Vascular endothelial growth factor]]<br />
* [[Endothelial cell]]<br />
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[[Category:Receptor tyrosine kinases]]<br />
[[Category:Cell signaling]]<br />
[[Category:Angiogenesis]]</div>Prab