Trehalose - Revision history

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2025-02-13T03:55:13Z

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	== Trehalose ==		{{short description\|A disaccharide sugar}}
			{{DISPLAYTITLE:Trehalose}}

	[[File:Trehalose.svg\|thumb\|right\|Chemical structure of trehalose]]		[[File:Trehalose.svg\|thumb\|right\|Chemical structure of trehalose]]

	'''Trehalose''' is a [[disaccharide]] consisting of two [[glucose]] molecules linked by an _,_-1,1-glycosidic bond. It is a naturally ~~occurring sugar found~~ in ~~various organisms, including [[bacteria]]~~, [[fungi]], ~~[[plants]]~~, and ~~[[invertebrates]]. Trehalose~~ is known for its ability to protect ~~cells~~ from ~~stress~~ conditions such as ~~[[desiccation]], [[~~freezing~~]], and [[osmotic pressure]]~~.		'''Trehalose''' is a [[disaccharide]] sugar consisting of two [[glucose]] molecules linked by an _,_-1,1-glycosidic bond. It is found naturally in many plants, fungi, and invertebrates, and is known for its ability to protect organisms from extreme conditions such as dehydration and freezing.

	== Structure and Properties ==		==Structure and Properties==
			Trehalose is composed of two _-D-glucose units. The unique _,_-1,1 linkage distinguishes it from other disaccharides such as [[maltose]], which has an _-1,4 linkage. This linkage gives trehalose its non-reducing properties, making it more stable than other sugars.

	Trehalose is ~~composed of two _-D-glucose units. The unique _~~,~~_-1,1 linkage distinguishes it from other disaccharides like [[maltose]], which has an _-1,4 linkage~~. ~~This structure contributes~~ to ~~its non-reducing nature~~, ~~making~~ it ~~more stable under heat and acidic conditions. Trehalose is highly soluble~~ in ~~water~~ and ~~has a mild sweetness, approximately 45% that of [[sucrose]]~~.		Trehalose is a white, crystalline powder that is moderately sweet and highly soluble in water. It is known for its ability to retain moisture, which makes it useful in food preservation and cosmetics.

	== Biological Role ==		==Biological Role==
			Trehalose serves as an important source of energy and carbon in many organisms. It is particularly notable for its role in [[anhydrobiosis]], a state of suspended animation that allows organisms to survive extreme dehydration. In this process, trehalose replaces water in cells, stabilizing proteins and membranes.

	~~Trehalose serves as an important source of energy and carbon in many organisms. It plays a crucial role in [[anabiosis]], allowing organisms to survive extreme dehydration.~~ In ~~[[yeast]] and~~ [[fungi]], trehalose ~~acts as~~ a reserve ~~carbohydrate~~, while in [[insects]], it is the primary blood sugar. ~~The sugar~~ is also ~~involved~~ in ~~the stabilization of proteins~~ and ~~cellular membranes during~~ stress.		In [[fungi]], trehalose is a major carbohydrate reserve, while in [[insects]], it is the primary blood sugar. It is also found in [[bacteria]] and [[yeast]], where it plays a role in stress response.

	== Industrial ~~Applications~~ ==		==Industrial and Commercial Uses==
			Trehalose is used in the food industry as a sweetener and stabilizer. Its ability to protect biological structures makes it valuable in the preservation of food, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics. It is also used in the cryopreservation of cells and tissues.

	Due to its stability and non-reducing nature, trehalose is used in the [[food industry]] as a sweetener and stabilizer. It is also employed in the [[pharmaceutical]] and [[cosmetic]] industries for its ability to protect biological structures. Trehalose is used in the preservation of [[biological samples]], [[vaccines]], and [[enzymes]].		==Health and Safety==
			Trehalose is generally recognized as safe (GRAS) by food safety authorities. It is metabolized by the enzyme trehalase, which breaks it down into two glucose molecules. However, individuals with trehalase deficiency may experience digestive issues when consuming trehalose.
	~~== Synthesis ==~~

	Trehalose can be synthesized by several enzymatic pathways. In [[bacteria]] and [[yeast]], the most common pathway involves the enzyme trehalose-6-phosphate synthase, which catalyzes the formation of trehalose-6-phosphate from [[glucose-6-phosphate]] and [[UDP-glucose]]. This intermediate is then dephosphorylated to produce trehalose.

	== Health and Safety ==

	Trehalose is generally recognized as safe (GRAS) by the ~~[[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) and is used in various food products~~. However, ~~some studies have suggested that high levels of~~ trehalose ~~consumption may be linked to the proliferation of certain [[Clostridium difficile]] strains, although more research is needed to fully understand this relationship~~.

	~~== Related Pages ==~~

			==Related pages==
	* [[Disaccharide]]		* [[Disaccharide]]
	* [[Glucose]]		* [[Glucose]]
	* [[~~Carbohydrate~~]]		* [[Anhydrobiosis]]
	* [[~~Anabiosis~~]]		* [[Maltose]]

	~~== References ==~~

	~~{{Reflist}}~~

	[[Category:Disaccharides]]		[[Category:Disaccharides]]
	[[Category:~~Food additives~~]]		[[Category:Sweeteners]]
	[[Category:~~Preservatives~~]]		[[Category:Carbohydrates]]

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2025-02-08T19:58:46Z

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← Older revision		Revision as of 19:58, 8 February 2025
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	~~'''~~Trehalose''' is a type of [[sugar]] that is found in a wide variety of organisms. It is a [[disaccharide]] that consists of two molecules of [[glucose]] joined together. Trehalose is known for its ability to protect cells from damage caused by dehydration or freezing.		== Trehalose ==

	~~== Structure and properties ==~~		[[File:Trehalose.svg\|thumb\|right\|Chemical structure of trehalose]]
	Trehalose ~~is a non-reducing sugar formed from two glucose units joined by a 1-1 alpha bond, giving it the name~~ of ~~α-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→1)-D-glucopyranoside. The bonding makes~~ trehalose very resistant to acid hydrolysis, and therefore is stable in solution at high temperatures, even under acidic conditions. The bonding also keeps non-reducing sugars in closed-ring form, such that the aldehyde or ketone end groups do not bind to the lysine or arginine residues of proteins, a reaction that causes browning and alters the taste of food products.

	~~== Biological role ==~~		'''Trehalose''' is a [[disaccharide]] consisting of two [[glucose]] molecules linked by an _,_-1,1-glycosidic bond. It is a naturally occurring sugar found in various organisms, including [[bacteria]], [[fungi]], [[plants]], and [[invertebrates]]. Trehalose is known for its ability to protect cells from stress conditions such as [[desiccation]], [[freezing]], and [[osmotic pressure]].
	Trehalose is found in ~~many~~ organisms, including bacteria, ~~yeast,~~ fungi, ~~insects~~, invertebrates~~, and plants~~. ~~It serves various functions,~~ such as ~~serving as an energy source and helping organisms survive harsh conditions by preventing the denaturation of proteins during periods of~~ desiccation or freezing.

	== ~~Uses~~ ==		== Structure and Properties ==
	Trehalose has many commercial and industrial uses. It is used in food and cosmetics as a sweetener and moisturizer. In the pharmaceutical industry, trehalose is used in the formulation of drugs to prevent them from drying out. It is also used in cell preservation, because it can protect cells when they are frozen and then help them rehydrate when they are thawed.

	== Health ~~effects~~ ==		Trehalose is composed of two _-D-glucose units. The unique _,_-1,1 linkage distinguishes it from other disaccharides like [[maltose]], which has an _-1,4 linkage. This structure contributes to its non-reducing nature, making it more stable under heat and acidic conditions. Trehalose is highly soluble in water and has a mild sweetness, approximately 45% that of [[sucrose]].
	~~While trehalose~~ is generally ~~considered~~ safe ~~for consumption~~, ~~there are~~ some ~~concerns about its potential health effects. Some~~ studies have suggested that trehalose ~~can contribute~~ to ~~obesity and diabetes~~, although more research is needed to ~~confirm these findings~~.
			== Biological Role ==

			Trehalose serves as an important source of energy and carbon in many organisms. It plays a crucial role in [[anabiosis]], allowing organisms to survive extreme dehydration. In [[yeast]] and [[fungi]], trehalose acts as a reserve carbohydrate, while in [[insects]], it is the primary blood sugar. The sugar is also involved in the stabilization of proteins and cellular membranes during stress.

			== Industrial Applications ==

			Due to its stability and non-reducing nature, trehalose is used in the [[food industry]] as a sweetener and stabilizer. It is also employed in the [[pharmaceutical]] and [[cosmetic]] industries for its ability to protect biological structures. Trehalose is used in the preservation of [[biological samples]], [[vaccines]], and [[enzymes]].

			== Synthesis ==

			Trehalose can be synthesized by several enzymatic pathways. In [[bacteria]] and [[yeast]], the most common pathway involves the enzyme trehalose-6-phosphate synthase, which catalyzes the formation of trehalose-6-phosphate from [[glucose-6-phosphate]] and [[UDP-glucose]]. This intermediate is then dephosphorylated to produce trehalose.

			== Health and Safety ==

			Trehalose is generally recognized as safe (GRAS) by the [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) and is used in various food products. However, some studies have suggested that high levels of trehalose consumption may be linked to the proliferation of certain [[Clostridium difficile]] strains, although more research is needed to fully understand this relationship.

			== Related Pages ==

	~~== See also ==~~
	* [[Sugar]]
	* [[Disaccharide]]		* [[Disaccharide]]
	* [[Glucose]]		* [[Glucose]]
			* [[Carbohydrate]]
			* [[Anabiosis]]

			== References ==

			{{Reflist}}

	~~[[Category:Sugars]]~~
	[[Category:Disaccharides]]		[[Category:Disaccharides]]
	[[Category:Food additives]]		[[Category:Food additives]]
			[[Category:Preservatives]]
	~~{{stub}}~~

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2024-02-25T08:48:03Z

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'''Trehalose''' is a type of [[sugar]] that is found in a wide variety of organisms. It is a [[disaccharide]] that consists of two molecules of [[glucose]] joined together. Trehalose is known for its ability to protect cells from damage caused by dehydration or freezing.

== Structure and properties ==
Trehalose is a non-reducing sugar formed from two glucose units joined by a 1-1 alpha bond, giving it the name of α-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→1)-D-glucopyranoside. The bonding makes trehalose very resistant to acid hydrolysis, and therefore is stable in solution at high temperatures, even under acidic conditions. The bonding also keeps non-reducing sugars in closed-ring form, such that the aldehyde or ketone end groups do not bind to the lysine or arginine residues of proteins, a reaction that causes browning and alters the taste of food products.

== Biological role ==
Trehalose is found in many organisms, including bacteria, yeast, fungi, insects, invertebrates, and plants. It serves various functions, such as serving as an energy source and helping organisms survive harsh conditions by preventing the denaturation of proteins during periods of desiccation or freezing.

== Uses ==
Trehalose has many commercial and industrial uses. It is used in food and cosmetics as a sweetener and moisturizer. In the pharmaceutical industry, trehalose is used in the formulation of drugs to prevent them from drying out. It is also used in cell preservation, because it can protect cells when they are frozen and then help them rehydrate when they are thawed.

== Health effects ==
While trehalose is generally considered safe for consumption, there are some concerns about its potential health effects. Some studies have suggested that trehalose can contribute to obesity and diabetes, although more research is needed to confirm these findings.

== See also ==
* [[Sugar]]
* [[Disaccharide]]
* [[Glucose]]

[[Category:Sugars]]
[[Category:Disaccharides]]
[[Category:Food additives]]

{{stub}}